® Academy of Management Journal 2002, Vol. 45. No. 2, 453-466. LOCUS OF CONTROL AND WELL-BEING AT WORK: HOW GENERALIZABLE ARE WESTERN FINDINGS? PAUL E. SPECTOR University of South Florida CARY L. COOPER University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology JUAN I. SANCHEZ Florida International University MICHAEL O'DRISCOLL University of Waikato KATE SPARKS University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology PEGGY BERNIN, National Institute for Psychosocial Factors and Health, Sweden ANDRE BUSSING, Technical University of Miinchen PHILIP DEWE, Massey University PETER HART, social research consultant, Australia LUO LU, Kaohsiung Medical University KAREN MILLER, University of Witwatersrand LUCIO RENAULT DE MORAES, Federal University of Minas Gerais GABRIELLE M. OSTROGNAY, social research consultant, Australia MILAN PAGON, University of Ljuhljana and University of Maribar HOREA D. PITARIU, Babes-Bolyai University STEVEN A.Y. POELMANS, IESE, University of Navarra PHANI RADHAKRISHNAN, University of Texas at El Paso VESSELINA RUSSINOVA, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences VLADIMIR SALAMATOV, Ukrainian Academy of Public Administration JESIJS F. SALGADO, University of Santiago SATORU SHIMA, Tokyo Keizai University OI-LING SIU, Lingnan University JEAN BENJAMIN STORA, Hautes Etudes Commerciales Groupe MARE TEICHMANN, Tallinn Technical University TORES THEORELL, National Institute for Psychosocial Factors and Health, Sweden PETER VLERICK, University of Ghent MINA WESTMAN, Tel Aviv University MARIA WIDERSZAL-BAZYL, Central Institute for Labor Protection, Poland PAUL T. P. WONG, Trinity Western University SHANFA YU, Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine Managers from 24 geopohtical entities provided data on work locus of control, job satisfaction, psychological strain, physical strain, and individualism/collectivism. The hypothesis that the salutary effects of perceived control on well-being are universal was supported hecause relations of work locus of control with well-heing at work were similar in almost all the sampled areas. Furthermore, the individualism/collectivism level of each sample did not moderate the magnitude of correlations of work locus of control with measures of well-being. Findings indicate that control beliefs contribute to well-being universally, hut we suggest that how control is manifested can still differ. 453