The rise and fall of Sarawakus (Hypocreaceae, Ascomycota) Walter M. Jaklitsch 1 Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Christian Lechat Ascofrance, 64 route de Chize ´, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France Hermann Voglmayr Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Abstract: Species of Sarawakus are rarely encoun- tered. Their teleomorphs resemble sexual stages of Trichoderma, formerly called Hypocrea, but differ from that genus by unicellular ascospores. The two green- spored species S. britannicus and the type species of Sarawakus, S. lycogaloides, recently were collected, compared with their types and cultured. We rede- scribe and illustrate these species and transfer them to Trichoderma, based on phylogenetic analysis of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha encoding gene (tef1), containing the two last introns and exon, and a part of the rpb2 gene, encoding the second largest RNA polymerase subunit. Trichoderma lycogaloides, was found to cluster with Hypocrea sulawesensis, an unusual species of Trichoderma, while T. britannicum is closely related to T. aerugineum of the Spinulosa clade. The anamorphs of the two examined species are characterized by (odd) verticillium-like conidio- phores, large cylindrical phialides and conidia, which belong to the largest of those species forming green conidia, oval to subglobose in T. lycogaloides and oblong in T. britannicum. All species currently recognized in Sarawakus are transferred to Trichoder- ma, introducing the new combinations T. fragile, T. hexasporum, T. izawae, T. sordidum, T. subtrachycar- pum, T. succisum and T. trachycarpum and the new name T. rosellum. Trichoderma trachycarpum is rede- scribed and illustrated from an isotype. Key words: Ascomycota, Hypocrea, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, pyrenomycetes, rpb2, tef1, Thuemenella, Trichoderma INTRODUCTION The family Hypocreaceae (Hypocreales), whose name is based on its type genus Hypocrea, currently contains 13 teleomorph and seven anamorph genera. Several segregates (Chromocrea, Creopus, Podocrea, Podos- troma) of Hypocrea have been reunited with the genus in recent years (Chaverri and Samuels 2003; Cham- berlain et al. 2004; Jaklitsch et al. 2008a; Jaklitsch 2009, 2011). Although many species of Hypocrea have not yet been combined in Trichoderma, Hypocrea is now abandoned in favor of its anamorph name Trichoderma in naming holomorphs, based mostly on opinion of non-taxonomists such as biotechnolo- gists in a survey that was initiated by the first author of this paper on the ISTH webpage (ISTH crew pers comm); see also Rossman et al. (2013). As for other genera, little is known about Tilakidium Vaidya, C.D. Naik & Rathod, which might be a synonym of Hypocrea, while Aphysiostroma Barrasa, A.T. Martı ´nez & G. Moreno, described as forming cleistothecial ascomata (see Rossman et al. 1999), resides in section Hypocreanum of Trichoderma. If the isolation was correct, it should be combined in Trichoderma. Also the genera Dialhypocrea Speg. and Pseudohypocrea Yoshim. Doi might prove to belong to this genus, but they have not yet been recollected for sequencing. All other genera so far have been recognized as distinct from Trichoderma. They include Arachnocrea Z. Moravec, Hypocreopsis P. Karst., Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., Protocrea Petch, Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge, Sarawakus Lloyd, Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. and Sporophagomyces K. Po ˜ldmaa & Samuels. Except for Trichoderma, the now accepted holomorphic name for Hypocrea/Trichoderma and Gliocladium Corda sensu stricto, which belongs to Sphaerostilbella, all other named anamorphs (Cladobo- tryum, Mycogone, Sepedonium, Sibirina and Stepha- noma) belong to Hypomyces. Teleomorph genera have been distinguished mainly by differences in stroma anatomy and asco- spore characteristics. Here we deal with the genus Sarawakus Lloyd. All species of this genus have distinctly warted, unicellular ascospores. Lloyd (1924) erected the genus based on two specimens labeled Hypoxylon lycogaloides Berk. & Broome (1873) and Hypocrea rhytidospora Ces. (1879). Boedijn (1934) redescribed Sarawakus lycogaloides from Java and thought that the genus is a transitional form between xylariaceous and hypocreaceous fungi. He, in line with other mycologists, however was not sure how to Submitted 15 Apr 2013; accepted for publication 30 May 2013. 1 Corresponding author. E-mail: walter.jaklitsch@univie.ac.at Mycologia, 106(1), 2014, pp. 133–144. DOI: 10.3852/13-117 # 2014 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 133