©2015 Feminist Formations, Vol. 27 No. 1 (Spring) pp. 91–117
Transgender Invisibility in Namibian
and South African LGBT Organizing
Ashley Currier
The meanings of transgender invisibility in Namibian and South African lesbian,
gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) movements differ from those in LGBT
movements in the United States. LGBT activists in Namibia and South Africa
voluntarily included transgender rights and persons in the movement beginning in
the mid-1990s, yet few constituents identiied as transgender. Transgender invisibility
in these movements indicates the discrepancy between collective and lived personal
identities. Drawing on ethnographic observation of Namibian and South African
LGBT activist organizations in 2005–06 and ifty-six interviews with LGBT activ-
ists, the article analyzes the contours of transgender invisibility within the Namibian
and South African LGBT movements. A focus on transgender invisibility in LGBT
movement organizations in Namibia and South Africa illuminates the uneven
reception of identity terms and the identity work that LGBT activists in southern
Africa perform to encourage constituents to align personal identities with prevailing
collective-identity terms.
Keywords: collective identity / invisibility / LGBT movements / Namibia /
South Africa / transgender
Understanding transgender invisibility and inclusion in lesbian, gay, bisexual,
and transgender (LGBT) movements requires acknowledging how collective-
identity processes within LGBT movements diverge in the global North and
South.
1
For instance, lesbian and gay activists in Namibia and South Africa
voluntarily included transgender rights and persons in the LGBT movements
beginning in the mid-1990s. Transgender activists in Namibia and South Africa
did not mobilize publicly to demand incorporation into lesbian and gay move-
ment organizations at this time. Lesbian and gay activists in Namibia and South
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