Nurdan Kavakli/ Elixir Soc. Sci. 81 (2015) 31414-31419 31414
Panorama to the Role of English as a Foreign Language in
Turkey
English as a foreign language is one of the subjects taught
in almost all of the government- and privately-sponsored schools
in Turkey. Beside its alternatives, mostly German and French,
the majority of the students take English courses within the
hours of exposure ranging from 2 to 10 per week under the cloak
of recent amendments made upon the ongoing education system.
Being aware of the fact that even a petty amount of English
knowledge is necessary to get ahead in life, Turkey has been
developing strategies to encourage the use of English as a
foreign language with a much longer exposure beyond all
classroom applications and methods in use. Since, for Graddol
(2006) nearly a third of world population are all expected to be
trying to learn English at the same time.
In Turkey, thousands of English language teachers and
millions of learners of English are stipulated to be the main
components of the foreign language education. Correlatively, the
uneven distribution of English among those learners and the lack
of opportunities harassing the principle of equality of
opportunities in education entail the commitment of
governmental organizations (e.g. Ministry of National
Education) to this issue in order to break down the barriers in
foreign language education. However, the challenge in Turkey is
urgent and huge albeit for the aforementioned commitment laced
with professionalism by the government, and energy and effort
laid out by the teachers of the field. Additionally, it is due to the
fact that poor English skills among learners may yield to
slowness in growth in the long term though the economic
growth of the country is robust. To add more, Turkey’s
noteworthy progress is supposed to suffer from falling behind
the world standards as a result of problems arose by those with
less concentration of English language skills though it is a
relatively small section of the whole population. Seeing that
Turkey pampers many of its citizens to participate fully in the
burgeoning economy, English as a mega-language, language
with a world status, mushrooms binary functions for the country
within the scope of both education and economy.
The spread of English, nourished by globalization, scientific
inventions, technological innovations, economy, diplomacy and
internet, has actually accelerated worldwide since World War II,
thence it takes place in the curriculum of educational institutions
all over the world (Doğançay-Aktuna, 1998; Oral, 2010). As a
result, the language norms have come under question within the
scope of world Englishes (Bamgbose, 2003; Jenkins, 2009;
Kachru, 1986, 1992). In relation to this, Turkey belongs to the
category of expanding circle countries in Kachru’s (1986, 1992)
framework of the concentric circles of World Englishes with
respect to the use and status of English. Claiming that circles are
leaking, Canagarajah (1999) refers this circle as the ‘periphery’
one in which it houses a whole new way to view what native
speaker actually is.
By any means, English is taught as one of the foreign
languages in the school curriculum unlike the ones in which
English is accepted as the official or co-official language.
Accepted as the foreign language that is to be taught in the
school curriculum, English, as a foreign language, spreads all
over the country by taking part in daily life via media, television,
internet, tourism and trade, and other related areas. Despite the
influence of global developments on the spread of English
through the media, internet, trade and tourism, and the
popularity of English in secondary and higher education,
followed by the major educational reform in 1997, English
language teaching in the curriculum of Turkish primary schools
is a relatively recent phenomenon (Kirkgöz, 2007). That is why
the changes after the initiation of the 1997 educational reform
and the government’s provision of teacher training opportunities
have played a significant role as a requirement for new foreign
language learning and teaching materials, innovations for
foreign language learning and teaching process together with the
continuance and sustainability desired to be kept throughout this
Materials Development and Design Policies in English Language Teaching by
Turkish MONE, 1923-2015
Nurdan Kavakli
Hacettepe University, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
The implementation of instructional materials for foreign language teaching forms the
basis of language use providing linguistic input and explicit language practice for learners.
In this sense, materials development and design is of paramount importance regarding the
needs of the learners in order to keep up with innovations together with the requirements
formalized by the rapidly changing needs of an information society. Herein, Turkey, as a
developing country, is to redefine its national educational objectives and the curriculum to
integrate instructional technologies into teaching. Within the scope of this article, the
background information (aims, reasons, influences, institutional structuring) underlying the
process of materials development and design within the scope of Ministry of National
Education (henceforth MONE) in Turkey along with cross-over educational trends, policy
directives and responses to technology has been probed into including the years from 1923
to 2015. Additionally, recent changes in Turkish education system have been scrutinized.
© 2015 Elixir All rights reserved.
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received: 27 February 2015;
Received in revised form:
15 March 2015;
Accepted: 28 March 2015;
Keywords
Materials Development and
Design Policies,
Ministry of National
Education,
English language teaching.
Elixir Soc. Sci. 81 (2015) 31414-31419
Social Sciences
Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal)
Tele:
E-mail addresses: nurdankavakli@gmail.com
© 2015 Elixir All rights reserved