Research Article
Evaluation of Alexithymia, Somatosensory Sensitivity, and
Health Anxiety Levels in Patients with Noncardiac Chest Pain
Selma Bozkurt Zincir,
1
Murat Sunbul,
2
Esra Aydin Sunbul,
1
Bahar Dalkilic,
2
Fatma Cengiz,
1
Tarik Kivrak,
2
and Erdal Durmus
2
1
Erenkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders, Psychiatry Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
2
Department of Cardiology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Fevzi C ¸ akmak Mahallesi, Mimar Sinan Caddesi,
No. 41,
¨
Ustkaynarca, Pendik, 34899 Istanbul, Turkey
Correspondence should be addressed to Murat Sunbul; drsunbul@yahoo.com.tr
Received 4 February 2014; Accepted 16 May 2014; Published 25 May 2014
Academic Editor: Namal Wijesinghe
Copyright © 2014 Selma Bozkurt Zincir et al. his is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
Objective. Noncardiac chest pain (NCCP) is seen more frequently in young population and in these patients loss of function is
evolving in social and professional areas. he aim of the study is to evaluate the levels of anxiety and somatic perception in patients
with chest pain presenting to cardiology clinic. Methods. Fity-one patients with noncardiac chest pain and 51 healthy controls were
included in the study. All participants performed self-report based health anxiety inventory (HAI), somatosensory ampliication
scale (SAS), and Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS). Results. he patient group had signiicantly higher scores on the SAS, HAI-1, and
HAI-T scales compared to controls ( < 0.001, = 0.006, and = 0.038, resp.). SAS, HAI-1, and HAI-T scores were signiicantly
higher in female patients than male ( = 0.002, 0.036, and 0.039, resp.). here were signiicant diferences in all TAS subscale scores
between two groups. Patients, who had total TAS score more than 50, also presented higher levels of health anxiety ( = 0.045).
Conclusions. Anxiety, somatic symptoms, and the exaggerated sense of bodily sensations are common in patients with NCCP. hese
patients unnecessarily occupy the cardiology outpatient clinics. hese negative results can be eliminated when consultation-liaison
psychiatry evaluates these patients in collaboration with cardiology departments.
1. Introduction
Chest pain is one of the most common medical complaints in
general population. Since it may be a warning sign of coro-
nary artery disease (CAD) or myocardial infarction (MI), it
is also one of the most frightening pains [1, 2]. Between 52%
and 77% of patients presenting to the emergency department
and referred for coronary angiography sufer chest pain that
is not cardiac in origin and many chest pain patients do not
receive a medical explanation for their pain [3–5].
Noncardiac chest pain (NCCP) is deined as a recurrent
chest pain that is indistinguishable from ischemic heart pain
ater a reasonable workup has excluded a cardiac cause.
NCCP may report squeezing or burning substernal chest
pain, which may radiate to the neck, arms, jaws, and back,
and is indistinguishable from cardiac angina [6]. NCCP
is sometimes regarded as the sensitive heart because of
the higher rate of occurrence and greater pain intensity
in this pain population [7, 8]. Early conceptualizations of
cardiophobia characterized this syndrome by fears of heart
attack and death, suggesting that NCCP patients may focus
attention on their heart when experiencing stress and arousal
[9–11]. hese patients also use more commonly sensory and
afective words than patients with ischemic heart disease
[9]. NCCP patients view their condition as signiicantly
less controllable and less understandable than those patients
whose pains are of cardiac origin [11–13].
Despite a favorable long-term cardiovascular prognosis
[12–15], NCCP is a major public health concern that not all
NCCP patients have good outcomes [16]. NCCP is associated
with impaired daily activities (e.g., work, walking, exercis-
ing, and housework), reduced quality of life, and increased
occupational and social disability comparable to patients
with CAD [17, 18]. Many patients experience worry, anxious
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
BioMed Research International
Volume 2014, Article ID 896183, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/896183