Prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated risk factors in Turkish adults Fahri Bayram, MD, Derya Kocer, MD, Kursat Gundogan, MD, Ahmet Kaya, MD, Ozgur Demir, MD, Ramazan Coskun, MD, Tevfik Sabuncu, MD, Ahmet Karaman, MD, Mustafa Cesur, MD, Manfredi Rizzo, MD, Peter P. Toth, MD, PhD * , Vedia Gedik, MD Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey (Dr. Bayram); Department of Biochemistry, Kayseri Research and Training Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey (Dr. Kocer); Faculty of Medicine, Department of Intensive Care, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey (Dr. Gundogan, Dr. Coskun); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Meram Medical Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey (Dr. Kaya); Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey (Dr. Demir, Dr. Gedik); Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Harran University, S ¸anlıurfa, Turkey (Dr. Sabuncu); Department of Gastroenterology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey (Dr. Karaman); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Ankara Guven Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (Dr. Cesur); BioMedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy (Dr. Rizzo); Euro–Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Italy (Dr. Rizzo); Department of Preventative Cardiology, CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL (Dr. Toth); and University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL (Dr. Toth) KEYWORDS: Dyslipidemia; Cholesterol; Low-density lipoprotein; Triglycerides; High-density lipoprotein; Prevalence; Turkey BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dyslipidemia is a modifiable major risk factor for coronary heart disease. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia among Turkish adults and its associations with other cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: This study included 4309 people ages 20 to 83 years old from 7 provinces of Turkey. People from the city centers, districts, and villages were selected by a stratified sampling method. Weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences were measured. Blood samples were obtained to determine glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG); these parameters were measured with an auto- analyzer. Dyslipidemia was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treat- ment Panel III diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: Of 4309 subjects, 43% had high TC, 41.5% had low HDL-C, 36.2% had high LDL-C, and 35.7% had high TG. Of these measures, at least 1 lipid abnormality was diagnosed in 78.7% of men and 80.4% of women. The prevalence of high TC, LDL-C, and TG increased with age, with the highest prevalence in the 46-to-65-year-old age group. The mean values (mg/dL) of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG were 194.2 6 47.7, 117.7 6 41.1, 50.3 6 16.3, and 145.4 6 96.3, respectively. Dys- lipidemia was positively associated with age, body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure, and negatively associated with altitude. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: peter.toth@cghmc.com Submitted May 16, 2013. Accepted for publication December 26, 2013. 1933-2874/$ - see front matter Ó 2014 National Lipid Association. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2013.12.011 Journal of Clinical Lipidology (2014) 8, 206–216