JAN SAARELA and FJALAR FINNA ¨ S ADJUSTMENT FAILURES IN AN IMMIGRANT POPULATION: FINNS IN SWEDEN q (Accepted 15 August 2006) ABSTRACT. Using data sets from both Sweden and Finland, which have been linked at the individual level, we analyse whether Finnish immigrants who lived in Sweden in 1990 were employed, non-employed, return-migrated, or dead by 2001. The aim is to see how they interrelate with socio-demographic characteristics, and to compare Finnish-speaking and Swedish-speaking immigrants in this respect. Multinomial logistic regression models reveal that there is great variation in the level of outcomes between the two language groups, but that the interrelation between socio-demographic factors and each outcome is fairly similar across outcomes and across language groups. It is foremost the Finnish-speaking male immigrants who experience problems, having on average two times higher odds of being either non-em- ployed, return-migrated, or death, as compared with Swedish-speaking male immigrants. Social disadvantage may consequently not only take the form of poor labour market position, but also return-migration and death. The paper illustrates the need for separating subgroups of immi- grants when one is interested in integrational success. KEY WORDS: adjustment failures, immigrants, language groups, long-term integration 1. INTRODUCTION In 2001, every fifth foreign-born in Sweden, or almost 200,000 persons, had come from Finland (Statistics Sweden, 2003). This makes Finns the largest non-native population in the country. Like other immigrant groups their employment and income levels have been found lower than those of native Swedes, and specifically during the 1990s the situation deteriorated (Ekberg and Rooth, 2004; Saarela and Rooth, 2006). The Finns also appear to have elevated mortality and disability retirement risks (Ekberg, 1996; Gustafsson and O ¨ sterberg, 2004). q Comments from seminar participants at the Turku Centre for Welfare Research and anonymous persons are gratefully acknowledged. Social Indicators Research (2007) 82: 545–563 Ó Springer 2006 DOI 10.1007/s11205-006-9050-x