Reviews
Biography and autobiography
Oakdale, Suzanne. I foresee my life: the ritual
performance of autobiography in an Amazonian
community. xvi, 206 pp., map, illus., bibliogr.
London, Lincoln: Univ. Nebraska Press, 2005.
£32.95 (cloth)
Suzanne Oakdale’s excellent monograph on the
KayabiIndians of central Brazil is centred on
ritualized autobiographical performances given
in various contexts while also giving a more
general picture of this indigenous group’s recent
interactions with and reactions to Brazilian
national society.
It begins with a description of Stone-Arm,
a Kayabishaman, performing a cure for his ill
grandson soon after Oakdale’s first arrival in the
community. Oakdale shows how Stone-Arm’s
centralnarrative is based on his own career as a
shaman, but how within this basic framework
he encompasses references to the wide variety
of powers and relationships with which the
Kayabihave contact, including Oakdale herself
as a foreign researcher. In this way, the narrative
acts on a number of levels, diagnosing the
grandson, encouraging others to welcome and
help the new visitor, but also giving a more
generalwarning about the outside world.
Through such analyses, Oakdale’s focus on
three different kinds of ritual public addresses –
politicaloratories, Maraka curing songs, and
Jawosi rituals that signal an end to mourning –
allows her to explore a number of aspects
of Kayabisociety. In particular, she uses the
narratives, supplemented with other
ethnographic data, to show the manner in
which the Kayabi dealwith the transformations
that have occurred in their lives and those of
recent generations.
The central example of these transformations
has been the Kayabi’s move from areas where
they faced intense pressure to assimilate into
wider Brazilian society to the relative protection
of the Xingu national park. Oakdale notes that
this move from areas where Indian identity had a
pejorative connotation to one where it has more
positive, but still circumscribed, associations has
forced the Kayabi to address many different
facets of Indian identity as well as new forms of
commodity consumption, residence patterns,
and leadership. For example, she shows how
leaders have learned to negotiate their own
positions and identities with the outside world.
While within the Xingu they compare themselves
to the more ‘traditional’ groups in the Upper
Xingu, to outsiders, Oakdale argues, they are
willing to fit themselves to an archetypal notion
of ‘ideal Indians’: ‘unaware of bourgeois evils’
and making judicious use of the forest. In some
cases, this involves the deliberate physical acting
out of ‘culture’ in dress and rituals that outsiders
can observe and participate in. Oakdale notes
that this idea of acting ‘Indian’ is not completely
alien to the Kayabi but rather fits within wider
Amazonian cosmological ideas in which masks
and clothing are understood to encourage the
transformation of unstable bodies.
As with this example, the strength of the
work lies in showing how older Kayabi
understandings of the world, and in particular
notions of alternative perspectives and of
personhood, are used to make sense of their
contemporary situation. Based on these ideas,
Oakdale argues that public discourses are well
suited to guiding people through contemporary
transformations. As in the first example of
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