Hormonal contraceptive use and risk of HIV-1 transmission: a prospective cohort analysis Renee Heffron, MPH 1 , Deborah Donnell, PhD 5,6 , Professor Helen Rees, MBBChir 7 , Professor Connie Celum, MD 1,2,3 , Nelly Mugo, MBChB 2,8,9 , Edwin Were, MBChB 10 , Guy de Bruyn, MBBCh 11 , Edith Nakku-Joloba, MBChB 12 , Kenneth Ngure, MPH 8 , James Kiarie, MBChB 2,8,9 , Professor Robert W. Coombs, MD 1,4 , and Jared M. Baeten, MD 1,2,3 for the Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team * 1 Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA 2 Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA 3 Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA 4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA 5 Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Seattle, USA 6 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA 7 Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (WRHI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 8 Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya 9 Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya 10 Department of Reproductive Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya 11 Perinatal Health & HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 12 School of Public Corresponding author: Dr. Jared Baeten, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Box 359927, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, USA 98104, Phone: (206) 520-3820; Fax: (206) 520-3831; jbaeten@uw.edu. * The Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team members are listed after the Acknowledgements. Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team: University of Washington Coordinating Center and Central Laboratories, Seattle, USA: Connie Celum (principal investigator), Anna Wald (protocol co-chair), Jairam Lingappa (medical director), Jared M. Baeten, Mary Campbell, Lawrence Corey, Robert W. Coombs, James P. Hughes, Amalia Magaret, M. Juliana McElrath, Rhoda Morrow, James I. Mullins Study sites and site principal investigators: Cape Town, South Africa (University of Cape Town): David Coetzee; Eldoret, Kenya (Moi University, Indiana University): Kenneth Fife, Edwin Were; Gaborone, Botswana (Botswana Harvard Partnership): Max Essex, Joseph Makhema; Kampala, Uganda (Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University): Elly Katabira, Allan Ronald; Kigali, Rwanda (Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group, and Emory University): Susan Allen, Kayitesi Kayitenkore, Etienne Karita; Kisumu, Kenya (Kenya Medical Research Institute, University of California San Francisco): Elizabeth Bukusi, Craig Cohen; Kitwe, Zambia (Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group, and Emory University): Susan Allen, William Kanweka; Lusaka, Zambia (Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group, and Emory University): Susan Allen, Bellington Vwalika; Moshi, Tanzania (Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Harvard University): Saidi Kapiga, Rachel Manongi; Nairobi, Kenya (University of Nairobi, University of Washington): Carey Farquhar, Grace John-Stewart, James Kiarie; Ndola, Zambia (Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group, and Emory University): Susan Allen, Mubiana Inambao; Orange Farm, South Africa (Reproductive Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand): Sinead Delany-Moretlwe, Helen Rees; Soweto, South Africa (Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand): Guy de Bruyn, Glenda Gray, James McIntyre; Thika, Kenya (University of Nairobi, University of Washington): Nelly Rwamba Mugo Data management was provided by DF/Net Research, Inc. (Seattle, USA) and site laboratory oversight was provided by Contract Lab Services (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa). Author contributions RH, DD, JMB designed the study and RH and DD did the analysis. All authors contributed to data collection and writing of the report and all approved the final draft. RH and JMB wrote the initial draft and vouch for the data, analysis, interpretation, and manuscript submission. Conflict of interest disclosures: CC reported receiving research grant support from Glaxo Smith Kline, which did not include salary support and has served on an advisory board for this company. RWC reported receiving research grant support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) AI-27757 and AI-38858 and Roche Molecular and has served as a consultant for Abbott Molecular. JMB, RH and DD reported receiving research support from the NIH. JMB, CC, GdB, RH, JK, NM, EW, and DD reported receiving grant support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Lancet Infect Dis. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 January 1. Published in final edited form as: Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 January ; 12(1): 19–26. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70247-X. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript