Embedded Inverted Questions as Embedded
Illocutionary Acts
Rebecca Woods
1. Introduction
Embedded inverted questions (EIQs) are a fairly well studied phenomenon in English dialects and
have previously been analysed as evidence for direct CP recursion in Germanic languages. In this paper,
their properties as speech reports will be further investigated and the CP recursion analysis will be
updated, showing that the structure of EIQs has implications for our understanding of clausal selection
and the possibility of embedded speech acts in natural language. Specifically, further evidence will
be provided that not all cases of clausal complementation involve selection and evidence of embedded
illocutionary force in English will be presented.
The paper is structured as follows; the key data on EIQs will be presented along with new
observations on their meaning and use. Secondly, an analysis of the embedded clause itself will be
presented which proposes that illocutionary force independent of the matrix force is available in EIQs.
Thirdly, a proposal for the linking of the EIQ and the matrix clause will be made which accounts for both
the embedded characteristics of the EIQ and its incompatibility with selection by the matrix verb. It will
be proposed that the embedded clause refers to an utterance in a previous discourse and is identified as
the content of the true complement to the matrix verb, namely a null nominal. The paper then concludes
with directions for future research.
2. Data
2.1. Key features of EIQs
EIQs have most famously been studied by McCloskey (1992, 2006) and Henry (1995) in Hiberno
English dialects. They also occur in a range of other British and non-British dialects, including North
West England English (Woods, 2014), African American English (AAE; Green, 2002), Indian English
(Bhatt, 2000) and New York English (C. Sailor and B. Pearson, p.c.). Their most salient features
are the presence of subject-auxiliary inversion in an embedded clause and the (general) lack of overt
complementisers. Example (1) contains paradigm examples of the EIQ construction, which can contain
either a polar or wh-question:
(1) a. I asked Jack was she in his class.
b. I wondered how did they get into the building. Irish English, McCloskey (2006)
EIQs have a highly restricted distribution. They typically appear under interrogative bridge verbs like
those in (1) but are blocked under factive verbs (as in (2)); a state of affairs reminiscent of embedded
verb second (EV2) contexts in Germanic.
(2) *I found out how did they get into the building. Irish Eng., McCloskey (2006)
*
Rebecca Woods, University of York, UK. This research is supported by the Economic and Social Research
Council (grant number ES/J500215/1) and the presentation in Vancouver was supported by the UK’s Philological
Society. I am grateful to the following people for their intellectual assistance: George Tsoulas, Norman Yeo, Maria-
Margarita Makri, Eytan Zweig and the Syntax and Semantics Research Group at the University of York; audiences
at UMass’s Language Acquisition Research Center, especially Peggy Speas and Tom Roeper, MIT’s Syntax Square
and the University of Toronto’s Syntax Project, especially Diane Massam and Bronwyn Bj¨ orkman; and of course
the audience at WCCFL 33, especially Sonja Thoma, Patrick Elliott and Jon Ander Mendia. Needless to say, all
errors are mine.
© 2016 Rebecca Woods. Proceedings of the 33rd West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. Kyeong-min
Kim et al., 417-426. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.