1 Zooplankton (Cladocera) species turnover and long-term decline of Daphnia in two high 1 mountain lakes in the Austrian Alps 2 3 Liisa Nevalainen 1,2* , Mirva Ketola 1 , Jennifer B. Korosi 3 , Marina Manca 4 , Rainer Kurmayer 2 , Karin 4 A. Koinig 5 , Roland Psenner 5 & Tomi P. Luoto 6,2 5 6 1 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, 7 Finland 8 2 Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, 9 Austria 10 3 Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada 11 4 Institute of Ecosystem Study, National Research Council of Italy, Largo Tonolli 50, 28922 12 Verbania, Italy 13 5 Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria 14 6 Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University 15 of Helsinki, Finland 16 *Corresponding author e-mail: liisa.nevalainen@helsinki.fi and telephone: +358 9 191 20338 17 18 Abstract 19 20 We investigated sedimentary zooplankton (Cladocera) assemblages since the Little Ice Age in two 21 high elevation and morphologically divergent lakes (Twenger Almsee and Oberer Landschitzsee) in 22 Austria by utilizing sediment traps and previously available sediment data. We aimed to detect lake- 23 specific long-term changes in pelagic community composition potentially attributable to the well- 24 documented climate warming in the greater Alpine region. Both lakes showed a similar and gradual 25