Вɨɪɨɧиɧа Лɸɞɦиɥа Аɥɟɤɫаɧɞɪɨвɧа, ɤ.ɩɟɞ.ɧ., ɞɨɰ., ɡɚɜ.ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɎȻȽɈɍ ȼɈ «ɊȽɉɍ ɢɦ. Ⱥ. И. Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɚ», ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ LyudaVoronina@gmail.com ɉɪɟɢɦɭщɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɜ ɜɭɡɟ Аɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ. ɋɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɜ ɜɭɡɟ. ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɜɢɞɵ, ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ. Кɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɦ (ɞɚɥɟɟ Иə) ɜ ɜɭɡɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɥɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ (ɞɚɥɟɟ ɍИ). ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ދɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ,ތɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɞɭɦɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ, ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɦ, ɚɧɬɢɩɨɞɨɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɯ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɹɞ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ: 1) ɱɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ދɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɦ ތ- ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚ [1] ɢɥɢ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɟ [2, 3]; 2) ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɍɂ ɧɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɂə ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ; 3) ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɍɂ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɂə. ɋ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɍɂ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ދМɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ތ[4] ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ: 1) ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ, 2) ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, 3) ɚɭɞɢɨɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, 4) ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɭ «ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ» [ɬɚɦ ɠɟ]. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɤɚɤ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ (ɤɧɢɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ), ɤɧɢɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ (ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɹ), ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɪɟɱɢ, ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɣ, ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ, ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ȽɈɋɌɚ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ȽɈɋɌ 7.60-2003 ɂɡɞɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ: ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ; ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ; ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɍɂ ɢ ɞɪ. [5]. ɐɟɥɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɂə, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɍɂ. ɉɨɞ ɍɂ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ «ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɭɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ» Дɬɚɦ ɠɟ]. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɜɭɡɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɂə ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɟɫɹɬь: ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ, ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ, ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ, ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ, ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɶ, ɫɚɦɨɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ, ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɹ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ, ɡɚɞɚɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ