Research Article
Effect of Zirconium Oxide Nanofiller and
Dibutyl Phthalate Plasticizer on Ionic Conductivity and
Optical Properties of Solid Polymer Electrolyte
Siti Mariah Mohd Yasin, Suriani Ibrahim, and Mohd Rafie Johan
Nanomaterials Engineering Research Group, Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Correspondence should be addressed to Mohd Raie Johan; mraiej@um.edu.my
Received 23 April 2014; Revised 17 June 2014; Accepted 26 June 2014; Published 15 July 2014
Academic Editor: Josias Hamman
Copyright © 2014 Siti Mariah Mohd Yasin et al. his is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
New solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) doped with lithium triluoromethanesulfonate
(LiCF
3
SO
3
), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) plasticizer, and zirconium oxide (ZrO
2
) nanoparticles were prepared by solution-casting
technique. he conductivity was enhanced by addition of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) plasticizer and ZrO
2
nanoiller with maximum
conductivity (1.38 × 10
−4
Scm
−1
). he absorption edge and band gap values showed decreases upon addition of LiSO
3
CF
3
, DBP,
and ZrO
2
due to the formation of localized states in the SPE and the degree of disorder in the ilms increased.
1. Introduction
Nowadays, the need for smaller, lighter, higher capacity,
and energy density devices are tremendous especially in
the ield of polymer electrolytes materials. Extensive studies
were conducted on solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) as new
ionic conductors to replace the conventional electrolytic
solutions [1]. It is believed that the electrolytic solutions have
solution leakage, electrode corrosion, contamination, and
solute seeping.
SPE based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) have received
much attention due to its well-dissolved salts and such
electrolytes possess proper chemical structures to support
the ion transport [2]. Many researchers discovered that these
polymer electrolytes have low conductivities [3]. Neverthe-
less, they realized that polymer electrolytes have a big poten-
tial for future technology development. Since then, more
investigations had been carried out to overcome the problem
like the reduction of the PEO crystalline phase which is
known to be contributed to its lower conductivity [4]. In that
regard, addition of low molecular weight plasticizer into the
polymer electrolytes systems will enhance the conductivity
[5].
he plasticization is the conventional way to reduce the
crystallinity and enhances the amorphous phase content of
the polymer electrolytes. hus, it increases the lexibility
in the polymeric segments and produces mobile charge
carriers due to ion dissolution efect. In this work, dibutyl
phthalate (DBP) was used as a plasticizer. his leads to high
ambient conductivity. DBP plasticizer contributed higher
ionic conductivity compared to ethylene carbonate (EC)
and polycarbonate (PC) plasticizers. For example at room
temperature, electrolyte system with DBP [6] as a plasticizer
contributes to 10
−4
S/cm compared to EC/PC [7, 8] with
10
−6
S/cm.
However the conductivity enhancement occurred at the
expense of SPE mechanical properties. To overcome this,
the addition of nanosize ceramic illers into the SPE system
results in the increase of ionic conductivity coupled with
its mechanical properties [9]. In this work, zirconium oxide
(ZrO
2
) nanoparticles were used as ceramic iller into the
host polymer matrix [10, 11]. he conductivity increases with
decrease in particle size (nanometer), that is, increase in the
ratio of surface area to volume, thus leading to an increasing
dominance of the atomic behavior on the surface of particle
compared to the dominance of the atomic behaviors in the
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
e Scientific World Journal
Volume 2014, Article ID 547076, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/547076