Fisheries Research 172 (2015) 209–224 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fisheries Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fishres RTI (“Real-Time Incentives”) outperforms traditional management in a simulated mixed fishery and cases incorporating protection of vulnerable species and areas Sarah B.M. Kraak a,b,c,∗,1 , David G. Reid b,1 , Guillaume Bal b , Amos Barkai d,e , Edward A. Codling f , Ciarán J. Kelly b , Emer Rogan a a School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland b Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland c School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, UK d Olrac-SPS, Silvermine House, Steenberg Office Park, Tokai, Cape Town, South Africa e Olrac-SPS, 33 Bruton Street, London, UK f Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 10 February 2015 Received in revised form 14 July 2015 Accepted 15 July 2015 Keywords: Choke species Ecosystem based approach to fisheries management Mixed fisheries Real-Time Incentives Spatiotemporal fisheries management a b s t r a c t The recently proposed ‘Real-Time Incentive (RTI)’ fisheries-management approach replaces catch or landings quotas and days-at-sea limitations with a single allowance of fishing-impact credits (‘RTIs’). According to this concept, fishing mortality rates of multiple species and impacts on the ecosystem are regulated through a single ‘currency’. Fishers can fish where and when they want and spend their allo- cated RTIs according to spatiotemporally varying tariffs. Managers set the tariffs based on agreed target mortality rates of multiple species, using knowledge of the spatiotemporally varying catchabilities of the various species caught or impacted in a mixed fishery. We explore algorithms for combining real-time CPUE data of up to four different species in a conceptual simulation model. The simulations indicate that RTI may perform better than several traditional management systems, such as broad-brush effort restrictions, Total Allowable Catches and Total Allowable Landings, in terms of controlling harvest rates of several species in a mixed fishery with differing catchabilities, while at the same time limiting impact on a vulnerable species or ecosystem elements. Performance weakens with greater spatial overlap of the ‘choke’ and other species, and also when fish migrate. Real-time updating requires that local CPUE levels in a given time step are predictive of catchabilities in the following time step. Historical informa- tion may be more accurate than real-time information if migration patterns are similar year-on-year. RTI allows the fishers to derive the balance between limiting mortality on choke and vulnerable species and optimally exploiting others because it internalises the cost of undesirable outcomes. In the light of the Ecosystem Based Approach to Fisheries Management, and in particular in the context of the European Union landings obligation, the integrated RTI fisheries management approach could offer a practical solu- tion that addresses some of the problems inherent in a multi-objective fishery system. RTI is ready for case-specific testing. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ∗ Corresponding author at: Thünen-Institut für Ostseefischerei, Alter Hafen Süd 2, D-18069 Rostock, Germany. E-mail addresses: sarah.kraak@ti.bund.de (S.B.M. Kraak), david.reid@marine.ie (D.G. Reid), guillaume.bal.pro@gmail.com (G. Bal), amos@olsps.com (A. Barkai), ecodling@essex.ac.uk (E.A. Codling), ciaran.kelly@marine.ie (C.J. Kelly), e.rogan@ucc.ie (E. Rogan). 1 The first two authors are the lead authors; the other authors are listed alpha- betically 1. Introduction RTI (Real-Time Incentives) has been proposed as a simple system for fisheries management, incorporating a variety of stock and ecological targets and objectives in one, spatiotemporal, management measure that replaces catch or landings quotas and days-at-sea restrictions (Kraak et al., 2012). Under this approach, fishermen no longer have to comply with a myriad of regulations that prescribe and prohibit. Instead, they have one account of fishing-impact credits of which the spending rate is determined by http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.07.014 0165-7836/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.