Epilepsy Research (2013) 104, 1—10 jou rn al h om epa ge: www.elsevier.com/locate/epilepsyres REVIEW Clinical utility of ictal eyes closure in the differential diagnosis between epileptic seizures and psychogenic events Francesco Brigo a,b,* , Harald Ausserer b , Raffaele Nardone b,c , Frediano Tezzon b , Paolo Manganotti a , Luigi Giuseppe Bongiovanni a a Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy b Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Meran/o, Italy c Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Received 12 September 2012; received in revised form 26 November 2012; accepted 17 December 2012 Available online 16 January 2013 KEYWORDS Epileptic seizures; Ictal eye closure; Likelihood ratio; Psychogenic non-epileptic events; Sensitivity; Specificity Summary The presence of ictal eye closure (IEC) has been considered to represent an addi- tional clinical sign supporting the diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic events (PNEEs). We undertook a systematic review to evaluate sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios (LR) of IEC in the differential diagnosis between PNEEs and epileptic seizures. Six studies (total of 1496 events; 1021 epileptic seizures and 475 PNEEs) were included. Pooled accuracy measures of IEC for the diagnosis of PNEE were: sensitivity 58% (0.579) (95% CI 0.534—0.623), specificity 80% (0.895) (95% 0.875—0.9131)%, pLR 5.524 (95% CI 4.546—6.714) and nLR 0.47 (95% CI 0.422—0.524). However, a sensitivity analysis including only the studies performing an IEC assessment blinded to the diagnoses yielded results indicative of a rather low diagnostic value of IEC (pLR 3.056) compared with the analysis including unblinded studies (pLR 12.754). Further studies evaluating the occurrence of IEC through direct observation by means of video-EEG recording and blind to both EEG tracings and patient diagnosis are therefore required to definitely estimate the diagnostic utility of this sign in the differential diagnosis between epileptic seizures and PNEEs. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10-37134 Verona, Italy. Tel.: +39 0458124174; fax: +39 0458124873. E-mail address: dr.francescobrigo@gmail.com (F. Brigo). 0920-1211/$ — see front matter © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.12.004