Research Article Inflammation Biomarkers of Advanced Disease in Nongingival Tissues of Chronic Periodontitis Patients Thiago Alvares da Costa, 1 Marcelo José Barbosa Silva, 2 Polyanna Miranda Alves, 1 Javier Emílio Lazo Chica, 1 Emilio Zorzo Barcelos, 3 Max Antonio Alves Giani, 4 Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet, 5 João Santana da Silva, 6 Virmondes Rodrigues Júnior, 1 Denise Bertulucci Rocha Rodrigues, 4,7 and Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso 1,8 1 Instituto de Ciˆ encias Biol´ ogicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triˆ angulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil 2 Instituto de Ciˆ encias Biom´ edicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlˆ andia, Uberlˆ andia, MG, Brazil 3 Instituto de Ciˆ encias Tecnol´ ogicas e Exatas, Universidade Federal do Triˆ angulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil 4 Departamento de Odontologia Cl´ ınica, Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, MG, Brazil 5 Departamento de Biologia Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de S˜ ao Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil 6 Departamento de Bioqu´ ımica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir˜ ao Preto, Universidade de S˜ ao Paulo, Ribeir˜ ao Preto, SP, Brazil 7 CEFORES, Universidade Federal do Triˆ angulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil 8 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir˜ ao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyzes, Toxicology and Food Sciences, USP, Avenida do Caf´ e, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeir˜ ao Preto, SP, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso; cristina@fcfrp.usp.br Received 19 January 2015; Accepted 30 March 2015 Academic Editor: Teresa Zelante Copyright © 2015 hiago Alvares da Costa et al. his is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial inlammatory disease that afects supporting structures of the teeth. Although the gingival response is largely described, little is known about the immune changes in the alveolar bone and neighboring tissues that could indicate periodontal disease (PD) activity. hen, in this study we identiied the ongoing inlammatory changes and novel biomarkers for periodontitis in the tissues directly afected by the destructive disease in PD patients. Samples were collected by osteotomy in 17 control subjects during extraction of third molars and 18 patients with advanced PD, in which alveoloplasty was necessary ater extraction of teeth with previous extensive periodontal damage. Patients presented mononuclear cells iniltration in the connective tissue next to the bone and higher ibrosis area, along with increased accumulation of IL-17 + and TRAP + cells. he levels of TNF- and MMP-2 mRNA were also elevated compared to controls and a positive and signiicant correlation was observed between TNF- and MMP-2 mRNA expression, considering all samples evaluated. In conclusion, nongingival tissues neighboring large periodontal pockets present inlammatory markers that could predict ongoing bone resorption and disease spreading. herefore, we suggested that the detailed evaluation of these regions could be of great importance to the assessment of disease progression. 1. Introduction Most conclusive evidences indicate that periodontal disease (PD) is not a conventional bacterial infection but is an inlam- matory disease initiated by immune response against a group of microorganisms in susceptible hosts [1]. he consequent uncontrolled inlammation causes destruction of attachment structures, being the most signiicant reason of tooth loss in adults from diferent populations [2]. In afected tissues, the progression of local inlamma- tion contributes to the clinical outcome of the disease [3]. Cytokines and chemokines lead to the migration of leukocytes to the periodontal tissues where these cells play an important role in pathogen destruction by releasing Hindawi Publishing Corporation Mediators of Inflammation Volume 2015, Article ID 983782, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/983782