Raymond L. Bernor zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Paleobiology,., Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, U.S.A. Lawrence J. Flynn Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. Terry Harrison Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, U.S.A. S. Taseer Hussain zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratoy of Paleobiology, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, U.S.A. and Jay Kelley” Division of Biology and Medicine, Box G, Brown University. Providence, RI 02912, U.S.A. Received 27 August 1987 Revision received 3 February 1988 and accepted 15 February 1988 Publication date June 1988 Keywords: Catarrhine, Miocene, biogeography, biochronology, Pakistan * Author order alphabetical zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Dionysopithecus from southern Pakistan and the biochronology and biogeography of early Eurasian catarrhines New specimens of a small, advanced catarrhine primate from the Manchar Formation in Sind, southern Pakistan, are referred to Dionysopithecus sp. Their age is biochronologically estimated to be close to the early/ middle Miocene boundary. Dionysopithecu is considered closely related to, and possibly congeneric with, Micropithecusfrom the East African early Miocene. The Manchar Dionysopitheczs is among the earliest of Eurasian catarrhines. Catarrhines may have first emigrated from Afro-Arabia around 16.5 Ma, coincident with a major short-term eustatic sea level lowering event, and with the earliest records in South Asia of certain other African mammal groups. The first appearances in Eurasia oflater, more advanced catarrhine lineages also appear to correlate with episodes of global sea level lowering. Journal of Human Evolution (1988) 17, 339-358 Introduction Recent geological and paleontological surveys of the Manchar Formation in Sind, Southwest Pakistan, were undertaken at the Gaj River near the town of Dadu and in the hills surrounding the town of Sehwan (Figure 1). In 1975-1976 the Yale Geological Survey of Pakistan Siwalik project (Y-GSP) recovered a diverse vertebrate sample, including a small catarrhine upper canine from their locality S2 (Primates, incertae sedis; Raza et al., 1984). In 198 1, members of the Howard-Geological Survey of Pakistan project (H-GSP), found a left P4 and a right Mi of a small catarrhine at locality H-GSP 8114. Both localities are low in the Manchar Formation and may represent the same collecting horizon. The three specimens probably represent a single species, Dionyso@thectlr sp. These small catarrhines are important from a number of standpoints. Biochronologically and biostratigraphically they and their associated fauna correlate with Kamlial Formation faunas in the Potwar Plateau Siwalik Group that are dated magnetostratigraphically at 17 to 16 Ma (megaannum; see Johnson et al., 1985; Barry et al., 1985). They are also approximately contemporaneous with catarrhine-bearing faunas 0047-2484/ 88/ 030339 + 20 $03.00/O @ 1988 Academic Press Limited