American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 2016, 6, 577-588
Published Online May 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajibm
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2016.65054
How to cite this paper: Sever, H. (2016) The Comparison of Glass Ceiling Perception of Employees Working in Public and
Private Enterprises. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 6, 577-588.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2016.65054
The Comparison of Glass Ceiling
Perception of Employees Working in
Public and Private Enterprises
Hanifi Sever
Zonguldak Police Department, TNP, Zonguldak, Turkey
Received 12 April 2016; accepted 13 May 2016; published 16 May 2016
Copyright © 2016 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Abstract
Glass ceiling syndrome can be described as invisible and unbreakable barriers that keep a special
group, such as women or any minorities, from progressing in their professional career, regardless
of their ability or qualifications. Unseen barriers prevent women from promotion and, workforce.
Gender-based discrimination in promotions is more intense at higher levels, but it is felt in every
stage of business life. In this study, the glass ceiling perception of men and women employees
working in public and private sectors was targeted by evaluating some variables. As a result of the
study, it is expressed that women confront the glass ceiling syndrome much more than men. The
factors affecting the glass ceiling were identified as gender, age, marital status, promotion, work-
ing in public or private sector and additional income.
Keywords
Glass Ceiling, Gender Discrimination, Work Environment, Women Executives, Career Development
1. Introduction
The development of education and information technology and understanding the importance of women’s work
have resulted in an increase of the number of women employees. The increase in the quality and capacity of
their work in the service sector has brought about some changes in the social structure.
Glass ceiling on the basis of gender can be defined as limiting the chance for promotion, duties and responsi-
bilities by invisible organizational or perceptual barriers [1]-[3].
Women encounter the glass ceiling in their careers particularly in the areas of work authority, prestige, trust,
wages, being kept at a secondary role in terms of responsibility and duty. This ambivalence is not expressed