Decoupling photochemical Fe(II) oxidation from shallow-water BIF deposition Kurt O. Konhauser a, ⁎ , Larry Amskold a , Stefan V. Lalonde a , Nicole R. Posth b , Andreas Kappler b , Ariel Anbar c a Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E3 b Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany c School of Earth and Space Exploration and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287-1404, USA Received 1 August 2006; received in revised form 9 March 2007; accepted 14 March 2007 Editor: H. Elderfield Available online 21 March 2007 Abstract Oxidized Fe minerals in Archean–Paleoproterozoic banded iron formations (BIFs) are commonly taken to indicate the presence of biogenic O 2 or photosynthetic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria in the oceans' photic zone. However, at least one viable abiogenic oxidation mechanism has been proposed. Prior to the rise of atmospheric oxygen and the development of a protective ozone layer, the Earth's surface was subjected to high levels of ultraviolet radiation. Bulk ocean waters that were anoxic at this time could have supported high concentrations of dissolved Fe(II). Under such conditions, dissolved ferrous iron species, such as Fe 2+ and Fe(OH) + , would have absorbed radiation in the 200–400 nm range, leading to the formation of dissolved ferric iron [Fe(III)], which in turn, would have hydrolyzed to form ferric hydroxide [Fe(OH) 3 ] at circumneutral pH [Cairns-Smith, A.G., 1978, Precambrian solution photochemistry, inverse segregation, and banded iron formations. Nature 76, 807–808; Braterman, P.S., Cairns-Smith, A.G., and Sloper, R.W., 1983, Photo-oxidation of hydrated Fe 2 -Significance for banded iron formations. Nature 303, 163–164]. This process has been invoked to account for BIF deposition without need for biology [François, L.M., 1986, Extensive deposition of banded iron formations was possible without photosynthesis. Nature 320, 352–354]. Here, we evaluate the potential importance of photochemical oxidation using a combination of experiments and thermodynamic models. The experiments simulate the chemistry of ambient Precambrian seawater mixing with Fe(II)-rich hydrothermal fluids with, and without, UV irradiation. We find that if Fe(II) was effused from relatively shallow seamount-type vent systems directly into an anoxic photic zone, the photochemical contribution to solid-phase precipitation would have been negligible. Instead, most of the Fe(II) would have precipitated rapidly as an amorphous precursor phase to the ferrous silicate mineral greenalite ((Fe) 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ), and/or the ferrous carbonate, siderite (FeCO 3 ), depending on different simulated atmospheric pCO 2 levels. Conversely, in experiments where Fe(II) was exposed either to phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria or to O 2 , ferric hydroxide formed rapidly, and the precipitation of ferrous iron phases was not observed. If, as suggested on mass balance grounds, BIF deposition requires that Fe be sourced from shallow seamount-type systems, then we are driven to conclude that oxide-facies BIF are the Earth and Planetary Science Letters 258 (2007) 87 – 100 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 780 447 0735; fax: +1 780 492 2030. E-mail address: kurtk@ualberta.ca (K.O. Konhauser). 0012-821X/$ - see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.03.026