/ www.sciencexpress.org / 11 May 2006 / Page 1/ 10.1126/science.1125631 A new species of African monkey, Lophocebus kipunji, was described in 2005 from two sites in Tanzania. We have since obtained a specimen killed by a farmer on Mt. Rungwe, the type locality. Detailed molecular phylogenetic analyses of this specimen demonstrate that the genus Lophocebus is diphyletic. We provide a description of a new genus of African monkey, and of the only preserved specimen of this primate. Information on the animal’s ecology and conservation is also presented. A previously unknown monkey from southern Tanzania was recently discovered and the authors described the new species Lophocebus kipunji, depicting the holotype and paratype with photographs (1). On 3 August 2005, a sub-adult male monkey matching the species description of L. kipunji (1) was found dead in a trap set by a resident farmer in a maize field adjacent to the forest on Mt. Rungwe in southwestern Tanzania. The specimen was preserved and deposited at the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), Chicago, USA as a study skin, skull, and partial skeleton (bones from the right fore and hind limbs). Muscle tissue was collected for molecular analyses, and the remaining cadaver was preserved in fluid. Although a sub-adult, the specimen exhibits features differentiating it from any other known primate species (1). The specimen matches the original description of L. kipunji (1) in having black eyelids that do not contrast with the color of the face (fig. S1), a crown with a broad erect crest of hair (figs. S1 and S2), long cheek whiskers (fig. S2), and an off-white distal half of the tail [fig. S2; supporting online material (SOM) text]. The individual was a sub-adult based on presence of deciduous canines and premolars, eruption of only the first molars (SOM text), and the lack of a fused suture between the basioccipital and basisphenoid bones (Fig. 1). Although not fully grown, the skull does exhibit some of the features characteristic of Lophocebus compared to Cercocebus (2), such as a relatively narrow zygomatic breadth, zygoma that turn smoothly toward the skull at their posterior ends, and upper and lower margins of the mandible divergent anteriorly (Fig. 1). In the postcranium, the long bone epiphyses are fused to the diaphyses, but many features are not yet fully developed, including those distinguishing the Lophocebus-Theropithecus-Papio clade from the Cercocebus-Mandrillus clade (3). One postcranial feature, the ratio of scapular width to length, appears to distinguish L. kipunji from Papio, which has a relatively long and narrow scapula (3). Mangabeys were once considered to be monophyletic based on their phenotypic similarities (4), and all species were included in Cercocebus. Following immunological studies (5), and due to cranial differences and a resemblance between Lophocebus and Papio in some of those features, they were divided into Cercocebus and Lophocebus (2). Characters historically used to unite mangabeys were discounted as being erroneous observations or convergent similarities (2). It was stated that Lophocebus, unlike Cercocebus, has dark eyelids that are not lighter than the facial skin, and the deep suborbital fossae of mangabeys may have evolved independently in relation to facial shortening (2). This generic division was corroborated by analyses of both mitochondrial and nuclear data (6–9) suggesting that Cercocebus is the sister taxon to Mandrillus, whereas Lophocebus is more closely related to Papio and Theropithecus, and the deep suborbital fossae represent a homoplastic character that evolved more than once in Papionini, the cercopithecine tribe that includes macaques, mangabeys, baboons, geladas, mandrills, and drills. Recently, several putatively derived postcranial features and one dental character that unite the Lophocebus-Papio-Theropithecus clade, as well as one apomorphic postcranial feature shared by Cercocebus and Mandrillus, were identified (3). Hence, both morphological and molecular evidence indicates that the phenetic similarities shared by Cercocebus and Lophocebus are not indicative of a close phylogenetic relationship. A New Genus of African Monkey, Rungwecebus: Morphology, Ecology, and Molecular Phylogenetics Tim R.B. Davenport, 1* William T. Stanley, 2 Eric J. Sargis, 3 Daniela W. De Luca, 1 Noah E. Mpunga, 1 Sophy J. Machaga, 1 Link E. Olson 4 1 Wildlife Conservation Society, Southern Highlands Conservation Programme, Post Office Box 1475, Mbeya, Tanzania. 2 Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA. 3 Department of Anthropology, Yale University, Post Office Box 208277, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. 4 University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK, USA. *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tdavenport@wcs.org