www.mnf-journal.com Page 1 Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Received: 17-Dec-2014; Revised: 23-Jan-2015; Accepted:27-Jan-2015 This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201400914. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Omega-3 fatty acids protect from diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance and adipose tissue inflammation through PPAR dependent and independent actions Thiago Belchior 1 ; Vivian A. Paschoal 1 ; Juliana Magdalon 1 ; Patricia Chimin 1 ; Talita M Farias 1 ; Adriano B. Chaves-Filho 2 ; Renata Gorjão 3 ; Philippe St.-Pierre 4 ; Sayuri Miyamoto 2 ; Jing X Kang 5 ; Yves Deshaies 4 ; André Marette 4 ; William Festuccia 1* 1 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 05508000 2 Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 3 Institute of Physical Activity and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil, 01506-000 4 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G5 5 Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA *To whom correspondence should be addressed: william.festuccia@usp.br Abbreviations: AA, arachidonic acid; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; CD4 + , CD25 + , FOXP3 + , anti-inflammatory T regulatory lymphocytes; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; FAME, gas chromatography fatty acid methyl ester; Fat-1, fat-1 transgenic mouse; F4/80 + , total macrophage marker; F4/80 + ,CD11c + , pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage; F4/80 + ,CD206 + , anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage; GPR120, plasma membrane G protein-coupled receptor; GW966β, PPARȖ antagonist β-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide; HFD, high fat diet; LFD, low fat diet; NFB, nuclear factor B; n-3, omega-3 fatty acid; n-6, omega-6 fatty acid; PPARȖ, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ; TAG, triacylglycerols; w/w, weight/weight. Keywords: adiposity; inflammation; glucose metabolism; omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; PPARȖ antagonism.