Affective Impressions and Memorability of
Color-Form Combinations
YUIKO SAKUTA
JIRO GYOBA
Department of Psychology
Tohoku University
ABSTRACT. In this study the authors investigate how various impressions affect the recognition
of color-form pairs. They performed a preliminary study, a main study of impression rating using
the semantic differential method, and a recognition experiment. On the basis of the preliminary
study, the authors chose 14 appropriate pairs of adjectives and 48 color and form stimuli and used
them for the main study. Factor analysis of the main study extracted three factors: Activity,
Potency, and Evaluation. In the recognition test, the authors found that color-form pairs with
congruent impressions in Activity or Potency were more easily recognized than pairs with
incongruent impressions. In contrast, pairs with incongruent impressions in Evaluation were
recognized more easily than congruent pairs. These results are discussed in relation to the
assumed network representations of affective impressions that have different characteristics
depending on the three factors.
Key words: color and form, impression, recognition memory, semantic differential method
HUMANS RECOGNIZE OR MEMORIZE OBJECTS in their daily lives that consist of
combinations of many attributes, such as several parts, colors, or textures. We are interested in
trying to determine what types of combinations tend to be more memorable. Many researchers
have shown that congruent information with schema or context can be recognized well (Bellezza
& Bower, 1981; Cohen, 1977; Cohen, 1981; Judd & Kulik, 1980; Smith & Graesser, 1981), and
some researchers have indicated that incongruence in context or expectance encourages
memorability (Hamilton & Gifford, 1976; Hastie & Kumar, 1979; Srull, 1981; Whittlesea &
Williams, 2001).
The Journal of General Psychology, 2006, 133(2), 191-207
Copyright © 2006 Heldref Publications
This research was funded by a Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for
Scientific Research (No. 16650043), sponsoring Jiro Gyoba. This manuscript was edited by
Ms. K. Miller, Royal English Language Centre, Fukuoka, Japan.
Address correspondence to Yuiko Sakuta, Department of Psychology, Graduate School of
Arts & Letters, Tohoku University, Kawauchi27-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8576,
Japan ; sakuta@sal.tohoku.ac.jp (e-mail).