tute Press, Philadelphia, PA, 1981 27. E. Pollitt, R.L. Leibel and D. Greenfield, zyxwvu Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 1526-1 zyxwvut 533, 1981 28. M.F. Slag, M. Ahmed, M.C. Gannon and F.Q. Nuttall, Metabolism 30: 1 104-1 108, 1981 29. 6 . Ishizuka, M E . Quigley and S.S. Yen, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 57: 1 11 1-1 1 16,1983 30. D.J. Jenkins, T.M. Wolever, R.H. Taylor, C. Griffiths, K. Krzeminska, J.A. Lawrie, C.M. Ben- nett, D.V. Goff, D.L. Sarson and S.R. Bloom, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35: 1339-1 346, 1982 31. J.D. Fernstrom, R.J. Wurtman, 6 . Hammar- strom-Wiklund, W.M. Rand, H.N. Munro and C.S. Davidson, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 1912-1922,1979 32. M.I. Rapoport and W.R. Beisel, J. Clin. Invest. 47: 934-939,1968 33. G.E. Gray, Nutrition Reviews 44 (Suppl.): 89-94, 1985 34. D.J.A. Jenkins, T.M.S. Wolever, A.L. Jenkins, R.G. J o s e and G.S. Wong, Lancet ii: 388-391, 1984 35. S.J. Schoenthaler, Int. J. Biosocial Res. 5: 107-117, 1983 36. F.A. Oski, A.S. Honig, 6 . Helu and P. Howanitz, Pediatrics 71 zyxw : 877-880,1983 37. 6. Lozoff, G.M. Brittenham, F.E. Viteri, A.W. Wolf and J.J. Urrutia, J. Pediatr. 100: 351-357, 1982 38. E. Pollitt, R.L. Leibel and D.B. Greenfield, Nutr. Behav. 1: 137-146,1983 EFFECTS OF CARBOHYDRATES ON MOOD AND BEHAVIOR Bonnie J. Spring, Ph.D., Harris R. Lieberman, Ph.D., Geoffrey Swope and Gail S. Garfield Key Words: carbohydrate, mood, performance, at- tention, sleepiness, reaction time Interest in diet and behavior originally focused on the detrimental effects of chronic, pro- longed undernutrition. As early as 1500 B.C., the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus and Chinese writ- ings of the same period advised frequent con- sumption of liver to overcome dietary deficien- cies that resulted in visual impairments such as night blindness.' Extensive research during Dr. Spring is Professor of Psychology, and Mr. Swope is a Graduate Assistant in Psychology, De- partment of Psychology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409. Dr. Liebennan is a Research Scientist, and Ms. Garfield is a Research Assistant, Department of Psychology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. This research was supported in part by grants 2 MO1 zyxwvutsrq -RRooO88; and by an award from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences. NlMH MH32355; NASA NAg2-132, NAg2-210; NIH the 1960s was devoted to examining the long- term behavioral consequences of malnutrition in early life. These efforts documented that lasting cognitive impairmentscan be observed at least until school age as a result of severe protein-caloriedeprivation during infancy.2 Al- though it is plausible that cognitive deficits are related to the central nervous system (CNS) alterations that accompany severe early mal- nutrition (e.g., delayed neural maturation, re- duced cell growth, small head circumference as an indicator of reduced brain weight), it has remained difficult to exclude a causal influence of environmental conditions associated with poverty.3 In addition, cognitive consequences of less severe malnutrition are subtle and diffi- cult to demonstrate r e l i a b l ~ . ~ The legacy of the 1960s is an intimidating message to diet and behavior researchers in the 1980s. Research on malnutrition provides an object lesson in the difficulty of detecting the cognitive sequelae of dietary interventionsthat are drastic, prolonged and produce measur- NUTRlllON REVIEWS/SUPPLEMENT/MAY zy lgeb 51