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Motor Control, 2012, 16, 317-328
© 2012 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Masci, Vannozzi and Cappozzo are with the Dept. of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University
of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy. Getchell is with the Dept. of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology,
University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
Assessing Hopping Developmental
Level in Childhood Using Wearable
Inertial Sensor Devices
Ilaria Masci, Giuseppe Vannozzi, Nancy Getchell,
and Aurelio Cappozzo
Assessing movement skills is a fundamental issue in motor development. Current
process-oriented assessments, such as developmental sequences, are based on sub-
jective judgments; if paired with quantitative assessments, a better understanding
of movement performance and developmental change could be obtained. Our
purpose was to examine the use of inertial sensors to evaluate developmental dif-
ferences in hopping over distance. Forty children executed the task wearing the
inertial sensor and relevant time durations and 3D accelerations were obtained.
Subjects were also categorized in diferent developmental levels according to the
hopping developmental sequence. Results indicated that some time and kinematic
parameters changed with some developmental levels, possibly as a function of
anthropometry and previous motor experience. We concluded that, since inertial
sensors were suitable in describing hopping performance and sensitive to develop-
mental changes, this technology is promising as an in-ield and user-independent
motor development assessment tool.
Keywords: hopping, inertial sensor, children, motor development, biomechanics
During childhood, the acquisition of motor skills is crucial not only for the
development of speciic motor behaviors, but also for cognitive, afective and social
personality development (Payne & Isaacs, 2008; helen, 1995). Researchers have
suggested that the acquisition of fundamental movement skills (FMS), such as run-
ning, throwing or jumping, may positively correlate with physical activity levels,
health-related itness and self-esteem (Stodden, Langendorfer, & Roberton, 2009;
Stodden & Goodway, 2007). In other words, as motor skill proiciency improves,
children may become more active and it (Stodden et al., 2008), laying the founda-
tion for a more physically active adulthood (Clark & Metcalfe, 2002; Tammelin,
Naya, Hills, & Jarvelin, 2003). his suggests that knowledge of individuals’ motor
development is critical to understand their overall development.