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Full Paper
Macromolecular
Chemistry and Physics
wileyonlinelibrary.com DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400072
Absorption and Scattering in Concentrated
Monomer Miniemulsions: Static and Dynamic
Investigations
Emeline Lobry, Florent Jasinski, Marta Penconi, Abraham Chemtob,*
Christian Ley, Céline Croutxé-Barghorn, Esther Oliveros,
André M. Braun, Adrien Criqui
Low-scattering monomer miniemulsions have recently emerged as a suitable system for the
development of efficient photopolymerization processes in dispersed media. Since their reac-
tivity under UV exposure is strongly dependent on their optical properties, there is a strong
interest to find simple analytical methods for studying absorption and scattering with ready-
to-polymerize concentrated miniemulsions, while avoiding dilution. This paper focuses on
three types of concentrated miniemulsions without photoinitiator (PI) and containing either
a hydrophilic or hydrophobic PI. The application of the two-flux theory of Kubelka–Munk on
these multiple scattering miniemulsions enables the determination of the
scattering and absorption coefficients for different initial droplet sizes.
These results show that reaction kinetics are strongly correlated with scat-
tering efficiency. Below a threshold average diameter of ca. 150 nm, any
decrease of droplet size diminishes the extent of scattering significantly,
thus improving light penetration and the reaction rate. Additionally, a
complementary dynamic study proves that the smallest miniemulsions
are subjected to a decrease of scattering during irradiation. This result
opens up interesting perspectives on the elucidation of the nucleation
mechanism operating in a miniemulsion photopolymerization.
E. Lobry, F. Jasinski, Dr. A. Chemtob, C. Ley,
C. Croutxé-Barghorn
Laboratory of Photochemistry and Macromolecular
Engineering, ENSCMu, University of Haute Alsace, 3 Rue
Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
E-mail: abraham.chemtob@uha.fr
M. Penconi, E. Oliveros
Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR CNRS 5623, Université Toulouse
III (Paul Sabatier, UPS), 118, Route de Narbonne,
31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
A.-M. Braun
Engler-Bunte-Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
A. Criqui
Mäder Research MADER GROUP, 130 Rue de la Mer Rouge,
68200 Mulhouse, France
1. Introduction
In emulsion-polymerization processes, the most widely
used methods for the generation of radicals are thermal
decomposition of initiators (peroxide, azo compounds)
and redox systems. Extension to photoinitiators (PIs)
able to produce radicals upon UV or visible light irra-
diation is in itself a challenge.
[1–4]
Nonetheless, there
are strong incentives to develop efficient photochemical
means of producing polymer particles in water. Photoini-
tiation is the fastest process for the creation of primary
radicals, while requiring the lowest activation energy.
A broad range of PIs – although initially developed for
UV-curing purposes – are commercially available with
Early View Publication; these are NOT the final page numbers, use DOI for citation !!
Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2014, DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400072
© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim