Int. J. Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2011 469
Copyright © 2011 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
Push and pull factor in an entry into an employment
route: a study of nurtured entrepreneurship students
Muhammad Nizam Zainuddin*
Faculty of Management,
Multimedia University,
Persiaran Multimedia, 63100, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
E-mail: muhammad.nizam@mmu.edu.my
*Corresponding author
Hishamuddin Ismail
Faculty of Business and Law,
Multimedia University,
Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, 75450, Bukit Beruang, Malacca, Malaysia
E-mail: hisham@mmu.edu.my
Abstract: This paper aims to explore the volitional act of founding new
ventures by examining:
1 the push and pull factor that directly impact two primary antecedents of
entrepreneurial intention
2 to confirm students’ employment intention by employing Ajzen’s (1991)
theory of planned behaviour.
The paper focuses on students majoring in entrepreneurship at four major
Malaysian universities. The result indicates that entrepreneurship education
possesses greater pulling factors compared to pushing factors of salient
beliefs in terms of their impacts towards their respective antecedents.
Meanwhile, the subjective norm is found to be an insignificant predictor of
entrepreneurial intention compared to attitudes towards entrepreneurial
behaviour and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Amongst the suggestions and
implications are: designing assignments that focus solely in understanding the
salient beliefs in detail, reviewing entrepreneurship education delivery
and improving the perception of entrepreneurship as career options of
significant people within students’ circle. In addition, the research limitations
are discussed and future suggestions are made.
Keywords: salient beliefs; SB; entrepreneurship education; entrepreneurial
intention; theory of planned behaviour; institute of higher learning.
Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Zainuddin, M.N. and
Ismail, H. (2011) ‘Push and pull factor in an entry into an employment route:
a study of nurtured entrepreneurship students’, Int. J. Entrepreneurship and
Small Business, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp.469–498.
Biographical notes: Muhammad Nizam Zainuddin, after obtaining his BBA
Entrepreneur Development, has recently obtained his MPhil in Multimedia
University, Cyberjaya Campus, Malaysia. He is an Academician in the
Faculty of Management of Multimedia University. Amongst his research
interests are entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial behaviour, nascent
entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation.