ORIGINAL PAPER Causes and extent of environmental impacts of landslide hazard in the Himalayan region: a case study of Murree, Pakistan Atta-ur-Rahman • Amir Nawaz Khan • Andrew E. Collins • Fareen Qazi Received: 2 August 2009 / Accepted: 6 September 2010 / Published online: 23 September 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 Abstract Pakistan is located at the cross-roads of plate boundaries, experiencing multiple hazards of earthquake, flood, drought, water-logging, salinization and recurrent landslides. This paper examines the causes and environmental impacts of frequently occurring land- slide hazards in the Murree area of Pakistan’s Himalayan region. These are wide ranging in nature and in terms of the damage that result. The area under research was divided into eight blocks and randomly data collected. It was observed that landslides mostly occur along the road network and disturbed slopes. Immature geology, a wide variation in climate and degradation of the natural resource-base were found to be some of the causal factors responsible for the landslide hazards. During the past three decades, rapid expan- sion of urban zones contributed to the changing vulnerability of the area. The analysis revealed that a large majority of the households (75%) in the area have been directly or indirectly affected by landslide hazards. Damages to already scarce agricultural land, infrastructure and other properties are each year a regular and escalating phenomenon. Landslide size, frequency and consequent costs of damage have increased considerably. Keywords Landslide Á Causes Á Impacts Á Damage 1 Introduction This paper analyses the causes and extent of environmental impacts of landslide hazard in the Murree area, Pakistan. It is one of the worst slide-affected areas of Pakistan. It is located on a lateral spur of the sub-Himalayan Mountains (Abbasi et al. 2002) with an Atta-ur-Rahman (&) Á F. Qazi Department of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan e-mail: atta_urp@yahoo.com A. N. Khan Centre for Disaster Preparedness and Management, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan A. E. Collins Disaster and Development Centre (DDC), Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK 123 Nat Hazards (2011) 57:413–434 DOI 10.1007/s11069-010-9621-7