Inﬂuence of tree provenance on biogenic VOC emissions of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stumps Minna Kivimäenpää a, * , Narantsetseg Magsarjav a, b , Rajendra Ghimire a , Juha-Matti Markkanen a , Juha Heijari a,1 , Martti Vuorinen c , Jarmo K. Holopainen a a University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland b Chemical Technology Department, School of Material Science, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box-520, Ulaanbaatar-46, Mongolia c Finnish Forest Research Institute, Suonenjoki Research Unit, FI-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland highlights < Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from Scots pine stumps were measured. < Emission rates relative to stump area were 27e1582 mg h 1 m 2 after cutting. < Tree provenance affected the VOC composition. < Emission rates were estimated for different aged pine stands. < Fresh stump surface is a signiﬁcant source of monoterpene emissions. article info Article history: Received 15 March 2012 Received in revised form 19 June 2012 Accepted 6 July 2012 Keywords: Pinus sylvestris Stump VOC Monoterpene Logging abstract Resin-storing plant species such as conifer trees can release substantial amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere under stress circumstances that cause resin ﬂow. Wounding can be induced by animals, pathogens, wind or direct mechanical damage e.g. during harvesting. In atmo- spheric modelling of biogenic VOCs, actively growing vegetation has been mostly considered as the source of emissions. Root systems and stumps of resin-storing conifer trees could constitute a signiﬁcant store of resin after tree cutting. Therefore, we assessed the VOC emission rates from the cut surface of Scots pine stumps and estimated the average emission rates for an area with a density of 2000 stumps per ha. The experiment was conducted with trees of one Estonian and three Finnish Scots pine prove- nances covering a 1200 km gradient at a common garden established in central Finland in 1991. VOC emissions were dominated by monoterpenes and less than 0.1% of the total emission was sesquiterpenes. a-Pinene (7e92% of the total emissions) and 3-carene (0e76% of the total emissions) were the dominant monoterpenes. Proportions of a-pinene and camphene were signiﬁcantly lower and proportions of 3-carene, sabinene, g-terpinene and terpinolene higher in the southernmost Saaremaa provenance compared to the other provenances. Total terpene emission rates (standardised to þ20  C) from stumps varied from 27 to 1582 mg h 1 m 2 when measured within 2e3 h after tree cutting. Emission rates decreased rapidly to between 2 and 79 mg h 1 m 2 at 50 days after cutting. The estimated daily terpene emission rates on a hectare basis from freshly cut stumps at a cut tree density of 2000 per ha varied depending on provenance. Estimated emission ranges were 100e710 g ha 1 d 1 and 137e970 g ha 1 d 1 in 40 and in 60 year-old forest stands, respectively. Our result suggests that emission directly from stump surfaces could be a signiﬁcant source of monoterpene emissions for a few weeks after logging in a Scots pine stand, but provenance properties strongly affect resin ﬂow from root to stump surface. Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Boreal conifer forests form the largest terrestrial biome (Taiga) covering an approximately 15.1 million km 2 forested area (Taggart and Cross, 2009). This forested area includes at least 30% of global * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ358 40 355 3185; fax: þ358 17 163 191. E-mail addresses: minna.kivimaenpaa@uef.ﬁ (M. Kivimäenpää), mj_ narantsetseg@yahoo.com (N. Magsarjav), rajendra.ghimire@uef.ﬁ (R. Ghimire), jmmarkka@student.uef.ﬁ (J.-M. Markkanen), juha.heijari@gmail.com (J. Heijari), martti.vuorinen@metla.ﬁ (M. Vuorinen), jarmo.holopainen@uef.ﬁ (J.K. Holopainen). 1 Present address: Kotka Maritime Research Centre, Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka, Finland. Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Atmospheric Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenv 1352-2310/$ e see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.018 Atmospheric Environment 60 (2012) 477e485