Environ Monit Assess (2012) 184:1841–1846
DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2082-y
The effects of socioeconomic parameters on household
solid-waste generation and composition in developing
countries (a case study: Ahvaz, Iran)
Seyed Masoud Monavari · Ghasem Ali Omrani ·
Abdolreza Karbassi · Farzaneh Fakheri Raof
Received: 15 November 2010 / Accepted: 11 April 2011 / Published online: 29 June 2011
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011
Abstract Environment problems associated with
the generation of waste are part of societal
changes where households play an important role.
These societal changes influence the size, struc-
ture and characteristic of given households. For
the effective planning of solid-waste handling in-
frastructure, it is essential to know the quantity
of waste generation and its composition. This pa-
per presents the findings of a study carried out
in an urban municipal area in Iran to determine
the household solid-waste generation rate and
waste composition based on field surveys and
to determine the related socioeconomic parame-
ters. The dependent variables were waste gen-
eration and composition, and independent vari-
ables were family size, family employment, age,
number of room and education. Over 400 sam-
S. M. Monavari · G. A. Omrani · F. Fakheri Raof
Department of Environment and Energy,
Science and Research Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
A. Karbassi
Graduate Faculty of Environment,
University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
F. Fakheri Raof (B )
Unit 2, No. 149.1, 3rd faz, 11th West Kianpars
Avenue, 6156653111, Ahvaz, Iran
e-mail: f.fakheriraof@khouzestan.srbiau.ac.ir
ple households were selected for the study using
a stratified random sampling methodology and
from five different socioeconomic groups. Waste
collected from all groups of households were
segregated and weighted. Waste generation rate
was 5.4 kg/household/day. Household solid waste
comprised of ten categories of wastes and with
the largest component (76.9%). The generation
and composition of household solid waste were
correlated with family size, education level and
households income. This paper adequately sug-
gests new insights concerning the role of socioe-
conomic parameters in affecting the generation of
household waste.
Keywords Household solid waste ·
Socioeconomic parameters · Household waste
generation · Solid-waste Composition
Introduction
For integrated solid-waste planning, it is indispens-
able to indicate solid-waste generation and com-
position in communities (Gidarakos et al. 2006;
Gomez et al. 2008). The quantity and composition
of municipal solid waste are heterogeneous. They
vary according to change in seasonal of the year
and socioeconomic status of households.
Many previous studies have examined house-
hold solid-waste generation and composition