118
Factor-Analytic and Individualized Approaches to
Constructing Brief Measures of ADHD Behaviors
Robert J. Volpe
Northeastern University
Kenneth D. Gadow
Stony Brook University
Jessica Blom-Hoffman
Northeastern University
Adam B. Feinberg
The May Institute
Two studies were performed to examine a factor-analytic and an individualized approach to creating short progress-
monitoring measures from the longer ADHD-Symptom Checklist-4 (ADHD-SC4). In Study 1, teacher ratings on items of
the ADHD:Inattentive (IA) and ADHD:Hyperactive-Impulsive (HI) scales of the ADHD-SC4 were factor analyzed in a
normative data sample of 493 students aged 5 to 12 years. Items with the highest factor loadings were then selected to create
abbreviated IA and HI scales for Study 2. In Study 2, the psychometric characteristics of two shortened progress-monitoring
measures (factor derived and individualized) and the original IA and HI scales of the ADHD-SC4 were examined in a
sample of 26 students aged 4 to 17 years in a medication titration study involving baseline and three doses of
methylphenidate. The results indicated comparable psychometric properties across the original and abbreviated versions of
the IA and HI scales.
Keywords: ADHD; stimulants; assessment; progress monitoring
P
rogress monitoring is a process of collecting and ana-
lyzing information regarding student behavior to
assess growth toward predetermined goals (National
Center on Student Progress Monitoring, 2006). The
availability of psychometrically sound, user-friendly
tools to assess student performance before and during
intervention implementation is critical in the determina-
tion of student responsiveness (Chafouleas, Riley-Tillman,
& Sugai, 2007).
Assessment of Social Behaviors
Although curriculum-based assessment is a widely
accepted approach for screening and progress moni-
toring in the academic domain of problem-solving
models (e.g., Speece, Case, & Molloy, 2003), the
development of comparable measures for use in mon-
itoring the effects of interventions on social behavior
lags far behind (Chafouleas, Christ, Riley-Tillman,
Briesch, & Chanese, 2007; Kratochwill, Clements, &
Kalymon, 2007). This is unfortunate, especially when
one considers the impact of active student engagement
(e.g., Greenwood, 1991), behavior problems (e.g., Volpe
et al., 2006), and emotional functioning (Rapport,
Denney, Chung, & Hustace, 2001) on academic
achievement and other areas of child functioning (cf.
Mash & Terdal, 1997).
In addition to monitoring the progress of student
academic performance, there is a need to conduct for-
mative assessments of student behaviors that support
academic achievement (e.g., active engagement),
behaviors that have a negative impact on the achieve-
ment of students and their classmates (e.g., disruptive
classroom behaviors), and behaviors that relate to
social and emotional functioning. The accurate mea-
surement of these behaviors and relevant constructs is
essential for informed decision making with regard to
school-based interventions or medical interventions
being evaluated in the school setting (Gadow, Nolan,
Paolicelli, & Sprafkin, 1991).
Journal of Emotional and
Behavioral Disorders
Volume 17 Number 2
June 2009 118-128
© 2009 Hammill Institute on
Disabilities
10.1177/1063426608323370
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