Maternal report on child outcome after
a community-based program following
intimate partner violence
KARIN GRIP, KJERSTIN ALMQVIST, ANDERS G. BROBERG
Grip K, Almqvist K, Broberg AG. Maternal report on child outcome after a community-based
program following intimate partner violence. Nord J Psychiatry 2011;00:1–9.
Background: This study examined the perceived effectiveness of a 15-week community-based
program for 46 children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) and their mothers. Aims:
The primary aims were to describe the children who entered one of the existing community-
based programs in terms of behavioral problems and to evaluate the impact of the program on
children’s general behavioral functioning as assessed by their mothers. Results: Children’s rated
behavioral problems (SDQ) dropped following treatment; the effect size was in the medium
range. The social impairment caused by the problems decreased as well. The effect regarding
behavioral problems was not related to the degree of exposure to IPV or the mothers own
changes in trauma symptoms following treatment. Results were analyzed as well at the individ-
ual level with the Reliable Change Index (RCI), which showed that the majority of children
were unchanged following treatment. Conclusions: One implication from the study is the need
for baseline screening and assessment. About half of the current sample had a clinical symptom
picture indicating the need for specialized psychiatric/psychotherapeutic treatment. Furthermore,
the reduction in behavioral problems was significant but many children still had high levels of
behavioral problems after treatment, indicating a need of a more intense or a different type of
intervention.
• Clinical significance, Community-based service, Intervention, Intimate partner violence.
Karin Grip, Licensed psychologist & psychotherapist, Ph.D. student, Department of Psychology,
University of Gothenburg, Sweden. E-mail: Karin.Grip@psy.gu.se; Accepted 12 September 2011.
I
ntimate partner violence (IPV) is a well-documented
source of trauma, which often is extended over years,
and becomes a more or less chronic condition of stress
for family members (1). According to self-reports from
Swedish youth, approximately 8–10% of children have
experienced at least one incidence of IPV during their
upbringing (2, 3). IPV and other forms of violence within
the family (e.g. child abuse) frequently co-occur (4, 5).
A substantial proportion of children exposed to IPV
develop distress and psychological symptoms in the clin-
ical range (6), and externalizing and internalizing prob-
lems are prevalent (7, 8). The levels of stress and
psychiatric symptoms are usually high in women sub-
jected to IPV (9, 10) and a high symptom load in moth-
ers subjected to IPV has been associated with more
adjustment problems in the child (11–13).
Over the past 15 years, there has been a growth in
programs developed to assist children suffering from
exposure to IPV. Many of the programs come from
North America and have a similar format of about 10
weekly 1–2-h themed group sessions, sometimes accom-
panied by group support for mothers. Common goals are
to encourage children to share their experiences, learn
about safety planning and to increase the child’s func-
tioning in general, e.g. (14–20).
Presently few of these programs have been sufficiently
evaluated (6, 21, 22), despite the fact that one of the
first studies regarding interventions tailored for these
children and their mothers were published almost three
decades ago (23).The lack of evaluations is probably in
part related to many of the difficulties associated with
the population under study. Some identified barriers to
outcome research with children exposed to IPV and their
mothers are: unstable basic needs like housing and
employment, frequent moving for safety reasons or
changed or disconnected telephone numbers making it
hard to keep in contact (24).
In Sweden, some policy changes have recently been
made to combat violence in intimate relationships. Chil-
dren exposed to IPV are now regarded as victims of
© 2011 Informa Healthcare DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2011.624632
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