Draft genome sequence of adzuki bean, Vigna angularis Yang Jae Kang 1 , Dani Satyawan 1 , Sangrea Shim 1 , Taeyoung Lee 1 , Jayern Lee 1 , Won Joo Hwang 1 , Sue K. Kim 1 , Puji Lestari 2 , Kularb Laosatit 3 , Kil Hyun Kim 4 , Tae Joung Ha 5 , Annapurna Chitikineni 6 , Moon Young Kim 1 , Jong-Min Ko 7 , Jae-Gyun Gwag 8 , Jung-Kyung Moon 4 , Yeong-Ho Lee 1 , Beom-Seok Park 9 , Rajeev K. Varshney 6 & Suk-Ha Lee 1,10 1 Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea, 2 Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD-IAARD), Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 3A Bogor 16111, Indonesia, 3 Program in Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand, 4 National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-857, Korea, 5 Research Policy Bureau, R&D Performance Evaluation & Management Division, Nongsaengmyeong-ro 300, Wansan-gu, Junju, 560-500, Korea, 6 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, 7 Soybean Research Team, Legume & Oil Crop Research Division, Jeompiljae-ro 20, Miryang, Gyeongnamdo, 627-803, Korea, 8 National Agrobiodiversity Center of NAAS, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea, 9 Agricultural Genome Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707, Korea, 10 Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea. Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis var. angularis) is a dietary legume crop in East Asia. The presumed progenitor (Vigna angularis var. nipponensis) is widely found in East Asia, suggesting speciation and domestication in these temperate climate regions. Here, we report a draft genome sequence of adzuki bean. The genome assembly covers 75% of the estimated genome and was mapped to 11 pseudo-chromosomes. Gene prediction revealed 26,857 high confidence protein-coding genes evidenced by RNAseq of different tissues. Comparative gene expression analysis with V. radiata showed that the tissue specificity of orthologous genes was highly conserved. Additional re-sequencing of wild adzuki bean, V. angularis var. nipponensis, and V. nepalensis, was performed to analyze the variations between cultivated and wild adzuki bean. The determined divergence time of adzuki bean and the wild species predated archaeology-based domestication time. The present genome assembly will accelerate the genomics-assisted breeding of adzuki bean. A dzuki bean (Vigna angularis var. angularis) is a diploid legume crop (2n 5 2x 5 22) with an estimated genome size of 538 mega bases (Mb) 1 . It is one of the Asian Vigna in the Ceratotropis subgenus, under the papilionoid subfamily of the Fabaceae 2 . Adzuki bean is widely cultivated in East Asian countries like China, Japan, and Korea as an ingredient for traditional dessert cuisines due to its sweet taste, as well as its nutritious protein and starch contents. The annual cultivation area for adzuki bean in China, Japan, Korean peninsula, and Taiwan is estimated to be 670,000, 120,000, 30,000, and 20,000 ha, respectively 3 . The wild species of adzuki bean such as V. angularis var. nipponensis, V. nakashimae, and V. nepalensis, are widely distributed across East Asia and Himalayan countries 2 . However, archaeological evidences suggested multiple domestication origins in northeast Asia 4 . Several important legume crops and model plants have been sequenced. This includes warm-season legumes such as Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Cajanus cajan 5–7 , and Vigna radiata 8 . V. angularis var. angularis is a close relative of V. radiata and is adapted to sub-tropical and temperate climate zone. In spite of its economic importance and the demands for improved V. angularis var. angularis variety, genomic studies for agriculturally important traits and efficient breeding methods for this species have been lacking. Elucidation of the genome sequence of V. angularis var. angularis could reveal the general genome structure and evolution of this legume species in comparison to closely related genomes and greatly assist comparative genomics of V. angularis var. angularis and other well-studied legume genomes. In addition, the re-sequencing efforts of cultivated and wild adzuki beans will facilitate the measurement of genetic diversity of each locus and the development of useful markers for putative domestication-related loci. Here, we assembled a draft genome of adzuki bean into pseudo-chromosomes using sequence data from next generation sequencing. This adzuki bean genome was compared to other warm-season legumes to study genome OPEN SUBJECT AREAS: GENETICS PLANT GENETICS Received 24 September 2014 Accepted 2 January 2015 Published 28 January 2015 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.-H.L. (sukhalee@snu. ac.kr) SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | 5 : 8069 | DOI: 10.1038/srep08069 1