Education Policy Brief Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Promoting Prevention and Positive Interventions in School Settings Paulo Tan, Potheini Vaiouli, and Theresa A. Ochoa VOLUME 9, NUMBER 5, FALL 2011 CONTENTS Introduction ......................................... 1 Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports........................................ 2 Policy Perspective Sarah Montminy ............................. 4 Internalizing Behavior Disorders ..... 5 Physical Restraints and Seclusion Practices .............................................. 7 Conclusions and Recommendations ............................. 10 Authors............................................... 10 Acknowledgements............................ 10 References .......................................... 11 Web Resources................................... 12 UPCOMING POLICY BRIEFS . . . Y An Update on Childhood Obesity Trends and Student Nutrition Issues Y The Latest News on STEM Initiatives Y Trends and Outcomes of Alternative Teacher Certification Programs INTRODUCTION The 1997 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) called for educa- tors to create a new paradigm in school environments through the addition of positive behavior interventions and sup- ports (PBIS). Specifically, IDEA encour- ages schools to create and foster positive supports and prevent disruptive and vio- lent student behaviors. To date, PBIS has been implemented in over 13,000 schools across 49 states (Illinois PBIS Network, 2010). Maryland and Illinois are examples of states with a strong com- mitment to PBIS. Since the introduction of Maryland’s statewide PBIS initiative in 1998, approximately one third of Maryland’s schools have received PBIS training (Barrett, Bradshaw, & Lewis- Palmer, 2008). Likewise, since 1999, over 1,300, or one third of Illinois’ schools, are implementing PBIS (Illinois PBIS Network, 2010). In Indiana, PBIS is not coordinated by a statewide initiative. However, since 1999, Indiana University’s Center for Education and Lifelong Learning at Indi- ana Institute on Disability and Commu- nity has provided training in PBIS to over 55 schools and 15 school corpora- tions in Indiana. A total of 17 additional schools are receiving training this school year (2011-12) (Cassandra Cole, per- sonal communication, September 22, 2011). The number of PBIS schools in Indiana and elsewhere indicate a grow- ing movement toward adopting proac- tive and positive behavioral plans for students with disabilities. Proactive and positive behavioral plans for students with disabilities focus on externalizing and disruptive student behaviors. However, these plans fail to adequately address the needs of students who struggle from internalizing disor- ders such as anxiety and depression. Left unattended, internal struggles sometimes evolve into externalizing behaviors like bullying and physical violence. For example, in 1999 two teenagers killed 13 people and themselves at Columbine High School in Colorado. Both adoles- cents were subsequently found to have suffered from depression and suicidal thoughts (Toppo, 2009). Major tragedies such as the Columbine massacre under- score the importance of identifying stu- dents with internalizing behaviors so appropriate early interventions can be provided. The 2004 reauthorization of the IDEA in its use of response to inter- vention (RTI) language presents a possi- bility for providing early intervention for such disorders. This Education Policy Brief provides an update on the PBIS efforts in Indiana by showcasing an Indianapolis school dis- trict’s endeavors in the implementation of PBIS; explores strategies for schools to expand efforts to identify children and adolescents with internalizing disorders and to develop and implement interven- tions within school settings; examines the national debate and Indiana’s poli- cies on the use of physical restraints and seclusion in the context of school set- tings for dangerous and disruptive stu- dents generally and with students with disabilities in particular; and discusses implications and recommendations for educational policy.