Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami Vol. 10, No. 2 (2016) 1640010 (17 pages) c  World Scientific Publishing Company DOI: 10.1142/S1793431116400108 Evacuee Generation Model of the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami in Ishinomaki Yuji Dohi Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan dohi.yuji.25x@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp Yoshihiro Okumura Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan okumura.yoshihiro.8x@kyoto-u.ac.jp Maki Koyama Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan koyama.maki.3e@kyoto-u.ac.jp Junji Kiyono Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan kiyono.junji.5x@kyoto-u.ac.jp Accepted 9 February 2016 Published 14 April 2016 Many people could/did not evacuate from the tsunami, despite having sufficient evacu- ation time and warning in the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. The authors focused on evacuee generation and developed the numerical model associated with it. We simulated tsunami evacuation in Ishinomaki during the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. The results revealed that people located along the seaside had more difficulty to start evacuation than those on the hillside because of lack of information sources including people’s behaviors, and the start of tsunami evacuation became more difficult as time passed. Keywords : Evacuee generation; the 2011 Tohoku tsunami; evacuation simulation; the start of tsunami evacuation; exiting buildings; Ishinomaki. 1. Introduction Regarding the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami (the 2011 Tohoku tsunami), more than 20,000 people were killed or missing. In addition, more than 90% of the people were killed due to the tsunami. Many people could not or did not evacuate from the tsunami, despite having sufficient evacuation time (more than half an hour) and warning information (e.g. tsunami warning). According to a research survey 1640010-1 J. Earthquake and Tsunami Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by KYOTO UNIVERSITY on 05/31/16. For personal use only.