Review Time-dependent behaviour of timber–concrete composite members: Numerical veriﬁcation, sensitivity and inﬂuence of material properties Nima Khorsandnia a,⇑ , Jörg Schänzlin b , Hamid Valipour a , Keith Crews c a Centre for Infrastructure Engineering and Safety (CIES), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia b Konstruktionsgruppe Bauen AG, Kempten, Germany c Centre for Built Infrastructure Research (CBIR), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia highlights  Long-term analysis of timber–concrete composite structures.  Inﬂuence of material properties on structural response of TCC beams.  Conducting comprehensive sensitivity analyses for time-dependent behaviour.  Suggesting long-term input parameters for laminated veneer lumber (LVL).  The FE model is accurate and efﬁcient enough for design oriented parametric studies. article info Article history: Received 10 March 2014 Received in revised form 23 May 2014 Accepted 23 May 2014 Keywords: Finite element Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) Non-linear ﬁnite element Long-term Timber–concrete composite abstract This paper presents a study that models timber and concrete material properties in order to understand their inﬂuence on the structural response of timber–concrete composite (TCC) beams under long-term loads. First, the accuracy of a 1D composite frame (ﬁnite element) FE model developed by the authors is veriﬁed against available short- and long-term experimental data, which included characterising the material properties. Using the developed formulation and analytical tools, comprehensive sensitivity anal- yses and parametric studies are conducted to gain better understanding about time and moisture depen- dant factors that affect long-term behaviour of timber and timber–concrete composite beams. With regard to the results of parametric studies, the required input parameters (not available yet) for long-term anal- ysis of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) are suggested. It is shown that the proposed simple strategy can adequately and efﬁciently capture the short- and long-term material behaviour of timber, TCC and tim- ber–timber composite (TTC) structures and can be employed for design oriented parametric studies. Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 193 2. Frame FE model ...................................................................................................... 193 3. Short-term analysis ................................................................................................... 193 4. Long-term analysis and influence of material properties ..................................................................... 195 4.1. Hoyle’s test .................................................................................................... 195 4.2. Blaß’s test ..................................................................................................... 196 4.3. Yeoh’s test ..................................................................................................... 199 4.4. Complementary results ........................................................................................... 204 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.079 0950-0618/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ⇑ Corresponding author. Address: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia. Tel.: +61 2 9385 5656; fax: +61 2 9385 9747. E-mail address: N.Khorsandnia@unsw.edu.au (N. Khorsandnia). Construction and Building Materials 66 (2014) 192–208 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Construction and Building Materials journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat