Infant Behavior & Development 28 (2005) 155–164 Prepartum, postpartum and chronic depression effects on neonatal behavior Miguel A. Diego ∗ , Tiffany Field, Maria Hernandez-Reif University of Miami School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, D820 P.O. Box 016820, Miami, FL 33101 USA Received 26 October 2004; received in revised form 7 February 2005; accepted 11 February 2005 Abstract Eighty pregnant women were assessed for depression during mid-pregnancy (Mean gestational age = 25.9 weeks) and shortly after delivery in order to assess the effects of the onset and chronicity of maternal depression on neonatal behavior. The women were classified as reporting depressive symptoms: (1) only during the prepartum assessment; (2) only during the postpartum assessment; (3) during both the prepartum and postpartum assessments; or (4) reporting no depressive symptoms at either the prepartum or the postpartum assessment. Neonates born to mothers reporting symptoms of depression at any time point exhibited greater indeterminate sleep than neonates of non-depressed mothers. Neonates born to mothers reporting prenatal depression spent more time fussing and crying and exhibited more stress behaviors than neonates born to non-depressed mothers or neonates born to mothers exhibiting symptoms of depression only during the postpartum assessment. Finally, neonates born to mothers exhibiting symptoms of depression during both the prepartum and postpartum assessments exhibited less optimal Brazelton neurobehavioral assessment scores than neonates of non-depressed mothers or neonates born to mothers who exhibited symptoms of depression during only the prepartum or only during the postpartum assessments. Taken together these findings suggest that neonatal behavior is influenced not just by the presence but also by the timing and duration of maternal depression symptoms. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Prepartum, postpartum and chronic depression effects on neonatal behavior Maternal depression has negative effects on infant behavior and physiology (Dawson, Panagiotides, Grofer Klinger, & Spieker, 1997; Field, 1995). Evidence for these effects has emerged as early as the ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 305 243 6781; fax: +1 305 243 6488. E-mail address: mdiego@med.miami.edu (M.A. Diego). 0163-6383/$ – see front matter © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.02.002