In adult patients with type 1 diabetes healthy lifestyle associates with a better cardiometabolic profile C. Leroux a,b , V. Gingras a,b , K. Desjardins a,b , A.-S. Brazeau a , S. Ott-Braschi a,d , I. Strychar a,b,c , R. Rabasa-Lhoret a,b,c,d, * a Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada b Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada c Montreal Diabetes Research Center (MDRC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada d Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine of the Université de Montréal Hospital Center (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada Received 3 May 2014; received in revised form 15 January 2015; accepted 18 January 2015 Available online --- KEYWORDS Type 1 diabetes; Healthy lifestyle; Nutrition; Physical activity; Smoking; Cardiometabolic profile Abstract Background/aims: Little is known about lifestyle habits of adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their association with cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors. The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of adults with T1D who adopted a healthy lifestyle and to explore the association between a healthy lifestyle and the cardiometabolic profile. Methods and results: This is a cross-sectional analysis of 115 adults with T1D. Participants wore a motion sensor and completed a 3-day food record. The following CMR factors were assessed: body mass index, waist circumference, body composition (iDXA), glycated hemoglobin, lipids and blood pressure. Insulin resistance was estimated (estimated glucose disposal rate). Partici- pants were classified according to the number of healthy lifestyle habits adopted (ranging from 0 to 3): regular physical activity (physical activity level 1.7), good diet quality (Canadian Healthy Eating Index score >80) and none-smoking status. The proportion of participants who adopted 3, 2,1 or 0 lifestyle habits were 11%, 30%, 37%, and 23%, respectively. As the number of healthy life- style habits adopted increased, participants had significantly lower body mass index, waist circumference, body fat, total cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). In addition, a trend for lower estimated insulin resistance was observed (p Z 0.06). For each increase of one healthy lifestyle habit, body mass index decreased by 1.9 kg/m 2 , waist circumference by 4.0 cm for men and 4.8 cm for women and trunk fat by 3.6% for men and 4.1% for women. Conclusions: These results suggest the importance of a healthy lifestyle among adults with T1D in order to control CMR factors. ª 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Introduction Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1]. Despite major improvements in diabetes management such as the use of intensive insulin therapy aiming for long-term/sustained good glucose control, CVD remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among this population [2]. In addition, recent cohort studies have * Corresponding author. Department of Nutrition, Montreal Univer- sity, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada. Tel.: þ1 514 987 5500; fax: þ1 514 987 5532. E-mail address: remi.rabasa-lhoret@ircm.qc.ca (R. Rabasa-Lhoret). Please cite this article in press as: Leroux C, et al., In adult patients with type 1 diabetes healthy lifestyle associates with a better cardiometabolic profile, Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2015.01.004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2015.01.004 0939-4753/ª 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases (2015) xx,1e8 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nmcd