Chapter 14 Cultural Services Coordinating Lead Authors: D.K. Bhattacharya, Eduardo S. Brondizio, Marja Spierenburg Lead Authors: Abhik Ghosh, Myrle Traverse Contributing Authors: Fabio de Castro, Carla Morsello, Andrea D. Siqueira Review Editors: Xu Jianchu, Hebe Vessuri Main Messages ............................................. 403 14.1 Introduction ........................................... 404 14.1.1 Overcoming the Dichotomy of Nature versus Culture 14.1.2 General Background on Drivers and Types of Responses 14.2 Cultural Perceptions: Human Cognitions, Spirituality, Aesthetics, and Arts ................................................. 405 14.2.1 Cultural Perceptions of Landscapes 14.2.2 Responses Related to Cultural Perceptions: Multilevel Policies, Institutions, and Social Identities 14.3 Knowledge Systems ..................................... 408 14.3.1 Scientific, Indigenous, and Local Knowledge 14.3.2 Responses: Protection, Compensation, and Certification 14.4 Tourism: Recreation and Education ......................... 415 14.4.1 Valuing the Environment and Culture in Tourism 14.4.2 Responses Related to Tourism and Recreation 14.5 Conclusion ........................................... 417 REFERENCES .............................................. 419 401