INTRODUCTION Safeguarding against intentional external impacts becomes increasingly important in system survivability and defense theory. Improving the reliability of system elements and providing redundancy have been the main two ingredients of classical reliability theory that can be applied to increase the system survivability. When the system is exposedtotheintentionalimpacts,deploymentoffaketargets(FTs)aimedatmisin- forming attackers becomes an additional important measure of survivability enhancement. The objective of a fake target is to distract or conceal something that someoneelsemaysearchfor(togainaccessto,control,destroy,etc).Afaketargetin warmaybeawoodenfaketankdesignedtobetakentobeasrealbythecrewofan attackingplane.Thedesignofthefaketargetmaybeadjustedtothetechnologyofthe attacker,whichmaybeanautomaticguidedmissile.Anotherexamplearisesifitproves difficulttocamouflagesomethingofvalue,e.g.apowerstationinanopenlandscape. Analternativetocamouflageistospreadmultipleentitieswiththesameappearanceas the genuine target, but with empty content, e.g. empty buildings of concrete, which cannotbedetectedasfakeunlessbrokeninto. TheefficiencyoffaketargetdeploymentinsystemdefensewasconsideredbyLevitin and Hausken, who assumed that the attacker cannot distinguish them from the defendedobject(genuinetarget). 1 Inpractice,whenthefaketargetsaredeployedthe attackertriestodetectthegenuinetargetbyanintelligenceeffort.Iftheattacker’sintel- ligence effort succeeds, he concentrates all the remaining resource on destroying the genuinetarget;otherwisehehastodistributetheresourcesevenlyamongallthetargets ashehasnopreferenceofwhichtargettoattack. Examplesofobjectsconsideredaremilitaryfacilitiessuchasmissilelaunchsystems, installationswhichmayormaynotproduceWeaponsofMassDestructionornuclear power, headquarters or branch offices for decision-making and co-ordination, power Defense & Security Analysis Vol.25,No.2,pp.157–173,June2009 IntelligenceandImpactContests inSystemswithFakeTargets Gregory Levitin TheIsraelElectricCorporationLtd.POBox10,Haifa,31000,Israel Kjell Hausken FacultyofSocialSciences,UniversityofStavanger,4036Stavanger,Norway ISSN1475-1798print;1475-1801online/09/020157-17©2009Taylor&Francis 157 DOI:10.1080/14751790902749918 25-2 master.qxp:D&SA 19/5/09 09:29 Page 157