Pramod R. Chaudhari.et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5, (Part - 4) May 2016, pp.47-53 www.ijera.com 47 | P a g e Integrated Water-Less Management of Night Soil for Depollution of Water Resources and Water Conservation Pramod R. Chaudhari 1 , Sanyogita Verma 2 , B.K. Jha 3 And Dhiraj Kumar Singh 4 1, 3, 4 Grass Roots Research and creation India (P) Ltd., Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India 2 Anand Niketan College, Anandwan, Warora, Maharashtra, India ABSTRACT Use of water for flushing night soil and enormous sewage disposal are responsible for pollution and depletion of fresh water resources in India and other countries. The review of traditional methods in the world provides idea of zero-waste discharge residential units. Experiences and research in India, China, Japan, America and Sweden has indicated feasibility of waterless management of night soil, composting and use of biofertilizer product in agriculture. A novel idea of ecological management of night soil and urine is presented in which night soil may be conditioned for transportation and treatment by adding suitable waste product(s) from industry and other sources. Different night soil treatment methods are reviewed and emphasized the need for further research on whole cycle of ecological management or sustainable sanitation depending on local conditions. The benefits of this system are zero sewage discharge, reuse of waste as resource, recovery of nutrients in waste as fertilizer, production of fuel gas and reduction of pathogens in biofertilizer. This will help in water conservation and regenerating the quality and quantity of river flow for use as water ways and irrigation and to improve the public health. Potential technical intervention and research needs are discussed in this article. Keywords - Pollution, Night Soil, Sustainable Sanitation, Biofertilizer I. INTRODUCTION The unscientific method of night soil disposal using water medium is the main culprit resulting in pollution of water bodies in India. The conventional approach to depollute the rivers in India, through development of costly sewers and sewage treatment plants, has been proved to be irrational and impractical from the experience of Ganga Action Plan (GAP) without any success. GAP has consumed enormous amount of public money that could he been used for development. The zero waste-discharge concept may be adopted for residential areas generating night soil and domestic waste for which technological intervention of mixed composting [1] is necessary. Various options are available for water less processing of night soil, based on the principles of traditional methods as well as initial work done in 1980s and experience in certain other countries and incorporating new ideas of recycle and reuse using waste from different anthropogenic activities as resource for this purpose. These options are discussed, which need research intervention through government support and efforts of scientists to formulate and commercialize the technology and designing of treatment plants for a family or for a community, and infrastructure to use of the biofertilizer to improve the farm soils. This will reduce the use of chemicals fertilizers, motivate the people to produce the green agricultural products and the soil fertility will be maintained for a longer period, making India rich in agricultural production. II. HUMAN WASTE RICH IN PLANT NUTRIENTS The Table 1 presents the average composition of human excreta and urine. Both contain considerable amount of organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium. They are, thus regarded not as waste, but as resource to recover nutrients for crops through suitable technology. Table 1: Composition of Human Excreta Item Feces Urine Quantity (wet) per person per day (g) 100- 140 1000- 1310 Quantity (dry solids) per person per day (g) 30-60 50-70 Moisture content (%) 70-85 93-96 Approximate composition (per cent dry weight) Organic matter 88-89 65-85 Carbon 44-55 11-47 Nitrogen 5.0-7.0 15-19 Phosphorus (as P2O5) 3.0-5.4 2.5-5.0 Potassium (as K2O) 1.0-2.5 3.0-4.5 Calcium (as CaO) 4.5 4.5-6.0 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN S