Research Article
Design and User Evaluation of a Wheelchair Mounted Robotic
Assisted Transfer Device
Garrett G. Grindle,
1,2
Hongwu Wang,
1,2
Hervens Jeannis,
1,2
Emily Teodorski,
1,2
and Rory A. Cooper
1,2
1
Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 6425 Penn Avenue, Suite 400,
Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
2
Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, 6425 Penn Avenue, Suite 400,
Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
Correspondence should be addressed to Rory A. Cooper; rcooper@pitt.edu
Received 11 April 2014; Revised 18 July 2014; Accepted 18 July 2014
Academic Editor: Andrew H. Hansen
Copyright © 2015 Garrett G. Grindle et al. his is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
Purpose. he aim of this study is to describe the robotic assisted transfer device (RATD) and an initial focus group evaluation by end
users. he purpose of the device is to aid in the transfers of people with disabilities to and from their electric powered wheelchair
(EPW) onto other surfaces. he device can be used for both stand-pivot transfers and fully dependent transfers, where the person
being transferred is in a sling and weight is fully on the robot. he RATD is ixed to an EPW to allow for its use in community
settings. Method. A functional prototype of the RATD was designed and fabricated. he prototype was presented to a group of
16 end users and feedback on the device was obtained via a survey and group discussion. Results. hirteen out of sixteen (83%)
participants agreed that it was important to develop this type of technology. hey also indicated that user, caregiver, and robotic
controls were important features to be included in the device. Conclusions. Participants in this study suggested that they would
be accepting the use of robotic technology for transfers and a majority did not feel that they would be embarrassed to use this
technology.
1. Introduction
he ability of people with mobility impairments to live in
their homes and communities with maximal independence
oten hinges, in part, on their ability to transfer or to be trans-
ferred by an assistant. In order to help people with mobility
impairments that cannot transfer independently live at home
and participate in life’s activities, insurance or government
agencies may provide for personal attendant care services and
in some cases provide stipends for family members providing
these services. Further, independent transfers are a common
source of upper extremity injuries and joint degeneration that
oten leads to the need for assistance with transfers over time
[1]. Recent research has also shown that many people who
can perform independent transfers need assistance when the
height diferential between transfer surfaces is greater than
75 mm or the gap between surfaces is greater than 150 mm
[2]. For people who use power wheelchairs and need human
and/or mechanical assistance with transfers, the options are
limited. During dependent transfers with a human assistant,
there is a high risk of injury (both acute and cumulative) to
both the wheelchair user and the assistant, especially over the
long term [1].
Between 1973 and 1987, 770 wheelchair-related accidents
that led to death were reported to the US Consumer Products
Safety Commission. 8.1% of these accidents were caused by
falls during transfers [3]. Between 1986 and 1990, there were
an estimated 36,000 wheelchair-related accidents in the USA
that resulted in a visit to the emergency department. 17% of
these accidents were due to falls during transfers [4]. In 2003,
more than 100,000 wheelchair-related injuries were treated in
US emergency departments, showing an upward trend in the
number of injuries over time [5].
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
BioMed Research International
Volume 2015, Article ID 198476, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/198476