298
Vox Sanguinis (2007) 93, 298–299
REPORT
© 2007 The Author(s)
Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2007.00943.x
This statement concerning the monoclonal-specific immobilization of platelet antigens
(MAIPA) has been written on behalf of the International Society of Blood Transfusion
– Working Party on Platelet Immunology. The MAIPA technique is considered as the
gold standard reference technique in platelet immunology. The assay performed with
reagents labelled for ‘research only’ is acceptable as long as it is regularly evaluated
by participation of laboratories in national or international workshops held with
reference laboratories.
Key words: antibodies, capture assay, platelets.
Since the identification of platelet antibodies, techniques
have been developed for the more sensitive and specific
detection of platelet-specific antibodies [1].
Specific assays as antigen capture assays have been avail-
able since murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for
the different platelet glycoproteins were produced [2,3].
Among these techniques, the mAb-specific immobilization
of platelet antigens (MAIPA) was developed [4]. This assay is
probably the most widely used, and has a good sensitivity
and specificity. The advantage of the MAIPA is that antibody
binding (both human and murine) to their respective antigen
on the platelet membrane takes place in a phase when the
conformational state of the antigen is relatively native. This
prevents a reduction in sensitivity because of the loss of
clinically important epitopes and reduces the incidence
of false-positives because of the formation of clinically
irrelevant neoepitopes.
The MAIPA assay has been shown to be reproducible and
a useful tool in the diagnosis of clinically significant immune-
mediated platelet destruction such as maternofetal and
neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT), post-
transfusion purpura (PTP), platelet-transfusion refractoriness,
passive alloimmune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune
disorders [5]. This assay is used not only for detection of
antibodies against human platelet antigens (HPA), but also
for platelet phenotyping, even if the antigen abundance is
low, for example, HPA-5 and HPA-15. In addition to the rou-
tine detection of HPA antibodies, the same technique has also
been at the basis of the discovery of most the low-frequency
HPAs [6]. Recently standardized quantitative MAIPA assays
have been developed for quantification of platelet-specific
alloantibodies [7,8].
To date, the MAIPA is considered to be the gold standard
reference technique in platelet immunology and has been the
Correspondence: Cecile Kaplan, Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine
(INTS), Platelet Immunology Laboratory, 6 rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75015
Paris, France
E-mail: ckaplan@ints.fr
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Monoclonal platelet antigen capture assays (MAIPA)
and reagents: a statement
C. Kaplan
1
, J. Freedman
2
, Z. Foxcroft
3
, A. Husebekk
4
, P. Metcalfe
5
, E. Muniz-Diaz
6
, W. Ouwehand
7
, S. Panzer
8
, P. Rozman
9
,
B. Skogen
10
on behalf of the International Society of Blood Transfusion – Working Party on Platelet Immunology
1
INTS, Platelet Immunology Laboratory, Paris, France
2
St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3
South African National Blood Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
4
Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
5
National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
6
Immunohaematology Service, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain
7
University of Cambridge and National Blood Service, Cambridge, UK
8
Medical University, Vienna, Austria
9
Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
10
University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Received: 10 May 2007,
accepted 11 May 2007