1
Abstract--This paper presents a new methodology based on
Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for power quality
disturbance analysis. The proposed methodology aims at
analyzing power quality disturbances that appear as mixtures
in the voltage signal. Such disturbances are commonly
referred to as multiple disturbances. Results are obtained
from both simulated and experimental data showing that
disturbance classification higher than 97 % can be achieved.
The results are attractive for practical applications in power
quality systems.
Index Terms -- ICA, Power Quality, Multiple
Disturbances.
I. INTRODUCTION
LECTRIC power quality has become an active research
area in the last few years due to the growing concern of
delivering clean power to consumers in the presence of
distorted waveforms [1]. Waveform distortions are normally
caused by disturbances such as voltage sag/swell with and
without harmonics, momentary interruption, harmonic
distortion, flicker, notch, spike and transients, causing
problems such as malfunctions, instabilities, short lifetime,
and failure of electrical equipments and so on [2].
According to [3], electric distribution network faults may
cause voltage sag or momentary interruption whereas
switching off large loads or energizing large capacitor
banks may lead to voltage swell. On the other hand, the use
of solid-state switching devices and nonlinear power
electronically switched loads such as rectifiers or inverters
may cause harmonic distortion and notching in the voltage
and current signals. Flickers may be caused by the usage of
arc furnaces and ferroresonance. Transformer energizing or
capacitor switching may cause transients, whereas lightning
strikes may lead to spikes.
In this context, several signal processing and
computational intelligence techniques have been proposed
for power quality (PQ) monitoring [2]. These techniques try
to achieve high performance with low computational
complexity, which is required for online PQ monitoring.
The PQ monitoring comprises, basically, two processing
stages: disturbance detection and classification. Typically,
this is developed using the voltage waveform. Recently, a
D. D. Ferreira is with the Federal University of Lavras, UFLA, Lavras,
MG, Brazil, emails: danton@ufla.br.
Seixas is with the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, COPPE/Poli, Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, e-mail: seixas@lps.ufrj.br.
A. S. Cerqueira is with Department of Electrical Circuits, Federal
University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, e-mail:
augusto.santiago@ufjf.edu.br
bunch of methods have been proposed for the automatic
recognition of the PQ disturbances [3,4,5]. These methods
are capable of recognizing the PQ disturbances with
promising accuracy rate. However, these methods aim at
recognizing single PQ disturbance in a measured voltage
waveform. Thus, the performance of these methods might
be limited because, in real power systems, the disturbances
could appear simultaneously. These events are commonly
referred to as multiple disturbances. Some efforts have been
done about this problem, where the works [6] and [7] stand
out, but further studies are still required.
This paper proposes a new methodology based on
Independent Component Analysis (ICA) [8] for analyzing
PQ events with multiple disturbances, following the idea
first proposed in [9]. Here, ICA is applied in order to
decouple the multiple disturbances envisaging the
improvement of the classification efficiency.
This paper is organized as follows. Section II formulates
the multiple disturbance PQ problems. Section III presents
the fundamentals of the ICA theory. Section IV describes
the proposed method and Section V presents the achieved
results. Conclusions are derived in Section VI.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
According to [6], monitoring the discrete version of
powerline signals can be achieved through non-overlapped
frames of N samples each. The discrete sequence in a frame
is expressed as an additive contribution of several types of
phenomena:
() ()| : () () () () ()
s
t nT
vn vt fn hn in tn rn
=
= = + + + + , (1)
where n=0,...,N-1, T
s
=1/f
s
is the sampling period, the
sequences {f(n)}, {h(n)}, {i(n)}, {t(n)} and {r(n)} denote
the fundamental component, harmonics, interharmonics,
transient and background noise, respectively. Each of these
signals is defined in details in [6].
So far, most classification techniques are developed for
single disturbance analysis. Nevertheless, one can note that
the incidence of multiple disturbances, at the same time
interval, in electric signals, is an ordinary situation due to
the presence of several sources of disturbances in the power
systems.
Figure 1 displays two typical cases. These voltage
measurements were obtained from the IEEE working group
P1159.3 website [10]. In Figure 1(a), one can note the
incidence of a short-duration voltage variation named sag,
ICA-based Method for Power Quality
Disturbance Analysis
Danton D. Ferreira, José M. de Seixas and Augusto S. Cerqueira
E