Use of Chlorella vulgaris as a carotenoid source for rainbow trout: effect of dietary lipid content on pigmentation, digestibility and retention in the muscle tissue Luisa Gouveia 1 , Georges Choubert 2 , Em´ ıdio Gomes 3 , Paulo Rema 4 and Jos ´ e Empis 5, * 1 Instituto Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia Industrial – INETI, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal 2 Lab°. de Nutrition des Poissons, Unit ´ e Mixte INRA–IFREMER, F–64310 Saint P´ ee-sur-Nivelle, France 3 Instituto de Ci ˆ encias Biom ´ edicas, Universidade do Porto, 4000 Porto, Portugal 4 Universidade de Tr´ as-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal 5 Lab°. de Eng a Bioqu´ ımica, Secç ˜ ao de Biotecnologia, Instituto Superior T ´ ecnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, P–1096 Lisboa Codex, Portugal Apparent digestibility, deposition and retention of carotenoids in the muscle of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were investigated comparing the feeding of pigments from Chlorella vulgaris against commercially available pigments at two different total lipid contents (15% and 20% lipid). Algal biomass (ALG) was included in rainbow trout diets and muscle pigmentation was compared to that obtained in trout fed diets containing a 5:3 mixture of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin (MIX) (reflecting the relative concentrations of these carotenoids in the dry alga) or those fed a diet containing astaxanthin only (AST). Apparent digestibilities of pigments and nutrients were determined by the indirect method, using Cr 2 O 3 as indicator, and the colour intensity and pigment concentration were assessed in the muscle, using the Roche colour card for salmonids and UV-vis spectrophotometry. After 6 weeks feeding, colour intensity was similar for the various pigment sources, achieving levels 12 to 13, yet significantly higher in fish fed the diet with the higher lipid content ( ≈ 20%) (p  0.05). Pigment concentration in the muscle was also higher in the fish fed the high-fat diet. Muscle pigment concentrations were similar for fish fed diets ALG and MIX, and over 1.5 times higher than for diet AST (p  0.05) after 6 weeks. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, total energy and specific carotenoid concentrations were also measured. Increased dietary fat content was shown to increase the deposition and the retention of carotenoids in muscle, and the difference increased with time (deposition increase of 10–20% at week 3 and 30–40% at week 6 and retention increase of 10–15% at week 3 and 30% at week 6). Pigment digestibility also apparently increases (10–20%) under those conditions despite the fact that no significant effects in terms of apparent digestibility increase were found for dry matter, protein, lipids or energy. KEYWORDS: Carotenoids, Chlorella vulgaris, Digestibility, Pigmentation, Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. 0967–6120 © 1998 Chapman & Hall Ltd. Aquaculture International 6, 269–279 (1998)