trends in analytical chemistry, vol. 15, no. 10, 1996 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA 525 [411 1421 1431 I441 I451 1461 1471 [481 L491 i501 1511 I521 1.531 1541 K.A. Hargadon and B.R. McCord, J. Chromatogr., 602 f 1992) 241. K. Srinivasan, J.E. Girard, P. Williams, R.K. Roby, V.W. Weedn, S.C. Morris, M.C. Kline and D.J. Reeder, J. Chromatogr. A, 652 ( 1993) 83. M. Chiari, M. Nesi and P.G. Righetti, J. Chroma- togr. A, 652 (1993) 31. B.R. McCord, J.M. Jung and E. Holleran, J. Liq. Chromatogr., 16 ( 1993) 1963. B.R. McCord, D.L. McClure and J.M. Jung, J. Chromatogr. A, 652 ( 1993) 75. J.M. Butler, B.R. McCord, J.M. Jung, J.A. Lee, B. Budowle and R.O. Allen, Electrophoresis, 16 ( 1995) 974. S.L. Pentoney, K.D., Jr., K.D. Konrad and W. Kaye, Electrophoresis, I3 ( I992 ) 467. S. Fanali and M. Schudel, J. Forensic Sci., 36 (1991) 1192. D. Jelinkova, Z. Deyl, I. MikSik and F. Tagliaro, J. Chromatogr. A, 709 ( 1995 ) 11 I. C.N. Ong, L.S. Liau and H.Y. Ong, J. Chroma- togr., 576 ( 1992) 346. J. Tie, S. Tsukamoto and S. Oshida, Nihon Univ. J. Med., 34 (1992) 315. J. Tie, S. Tsukamoto and S. Oshida, Jpn. Legal Med., 47 ( 1993 ) 295. 0. Curcuruto, A. Zaramella, M. Hamdam, S. Tur- rina and F. Tagliaro, Rapid Commun. Mass Spec- trom., 9 ( 1995) 1487. F. Tagliaro, F.P. Smith, S. Turrina, V. Equisetto and M. Marigo, J. Chromatogr. A, 735 ( 1996) 227. [ 55 ] C.A. Kuffner, Jr., E. Marchi, J.M. Morgado and C.R. Rubio, Anal. Chem., 68 ( 1996) 241 A. Franc0 Tagliaro, MD, is forensic pathologist, toxicologist at the institute of forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, where he is deputy director and lectures in Forensic Medicine. His major research field is analytical toxicology, and particularly the analysis of hair for drugs of abuse for which he pioneered the use of liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. He is Visiting Professor in the Graduate Program in Forensic Science, Department of Justice Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. He is a member of the editorial board of Forensic Science International and of The International Journal of Drug Testing, an Internet based journal. Frederick Paul ‘Smith, PhD, is Associate Professor of Forensic Science at the Department of Justice Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. The majorpati of his research work is devoted to the application of immunochemical and chromatographic analytical techniques in forensic toxicology, particularly directed to the pathways of incorporation of xenobiotics the in hair matrix. Since 1994, Drs. Smith and Tagliaro are cooperating in a joint research project on the applications of capillary electrophoresis in forensic science. zyxwvutsrqponmlkji Evo lutio n a nd p o te ntia l o f the BiA S p ro c e d ure fo r the d e te rm ina tio n o f no n- io nic surfa c ta nts Zenon Lukaszewski*, Andrzej Szymanski, Bogdan Wyrwas Poznan, Poland The evolution of the BiAS procedure is reviewed and its standard recommended ver- sion was compared with the modified version combined with the indirect tensammetric method (BIAS-ITM). New applications of the use of BIAS-ITM for the determination of non- ionic surfactants (in the presence of hydro- *Corresponding author. ‘A glossary of terms and abbreviations is given at the end of the paper. carbons or adsorbed on particles) and poly- ethylene glycols were discussed. 1. Introduction’ The BiAS procedure is routinely used for the determination of non-ionic surfactants (NS). The name of the procedure is an abbreviation of its full name, ‘bismuth active substances’. The procedure is also known as the Wickbold method or as the method for the determination of NS with the mod- ified Dragendorff reagent. This last name for the method is the oldest one. Nowadays, the Dragen- dorff reagent is known as the anionic complex spe- cies of bismuth( III) and iodides. Originally it was