ELSEVIER Toxicology 121 (1997) 81 90 TOXICOLOGY A proposed biochemical mechanism involving hemoglobin for blast overpressure-induced injury Nabil M. Elsayed a,b,*, Nikolai V. Gorbunov a, Valerian E. Kagan c a Department of Respiratory Research, Division of Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307, USA b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA c Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA Abstract Blast overpressure (BOP) is the abrupt, rapid, rise in atmospheric pressure resulting from explosive detonation, firing of large-caliber weapons, and accidental occupational explosions. Exposure to incident BOP waves causes internal injuries, mostly to the hollow organs, particularly the ears, lungs and gastrointestinal tract. BOP-induced injury used to be considered of military concern because it occurred mostly in military environments during military actions or training, and to a lesser extent during civilian occupational accidents. However, in recent years with the proliferation of indiscriminate terrorist bombings worldwide involving civilians, blast injury has become a societal concern, and the need to understand the biochemical and molecular mechanism(s) of injury, and to find new and effective methods for treatment gained importance. In general, past BOP research has focused on the physiological and pathological manifestations of incapacitation, thresholds of safety, and on predictive modeling. However, we have been studying the molecular mechanism of BOP-induced injury, and recently began to have an insight into that mechanism, and recognize the role of hemoglobin released during hemorrhage in catalyzing free radical reactions leading to oxidative stress. In this report we discuss the biochemical changes observed after BOP exposure in rat blood and lung tissue, and propose a biochemical mechanism for free radical-induced oxidative stress that can potentially complicate the injury. Moreover, we observed that some antioxidants can interact with Hb oxidation products (oxy-, met- and oxoferrylHb) and act as prooxidants that can increase the damage rather than decrease it. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. Keywords: Blast overpressure; High energy impulse noise; Hemoglobin-induced injury; Lipid peroxidation; Antioxi- dant depletion; Prooxidants; Methemoglobin; Oxoferryl hemoglobin * Corresponding author. Tel: + 1 301 2957447; fax: + 1 301 2957804; e-mail: dr._nabil_elsayed@wrsmtp-ccmail.army.mil. 0300-483X/97/$17.00 © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. PII S0300-483X(97)03657-3