Overview of Zigbee and Shortest Path Routing Algorithm using MATLAB Yash Agrawal #1 , Dhirendra Pratap Singh #2 , Rohit Dhiman #3 , Rajeevan Chandel #4 # Department of Electronics & Communication Department National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur 177 005 HP India 1 mr.yashagrawal@gmail.com, 2 dhirendrapratap.nith@gmail.com, 3 rohitdhiman.nitham@gmail.com, 4 rajeevanchandel@gmail.com Abstract- Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4) is a new wireless standard for low data rate and low power consumption. Zigbee is meant for small distance ranging from 10-100 metres. In the present paper shortest routing algorithm is used for zigbee module. The routing algorithm is defined in the network layer. It considers starting as well as destination node distance for calculation of shortest distance between the nodes. Also, BPSK encoding is used for transmission of data. The analysis is carried out using MATLAB. I. INTRODUCTION Zigbee devices are required to conform IEEE 802.15.4-2003 i.e. Low Data Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) standard [1]. Depending on the power output consumption, zigbee operation range is in between 10- 100m. Zigbee works on unlicensed RF band. The data rate of zigbee is 250kbps at 2.4GHz (global), 40kbps at 915MHz (America) and 20kbps at 868MHz (Europe). It was developed by IEEE and Zigbee Alliance group. Zigbee uses basic OSI model in which protocols of the lower Physical and data link layer are defined by IEEE 802.15.4 and protocols of the upper stack (Network layer to Application layer) are defined by Zigbee Alliance group. It can be used in vast number of applications such as luminance and temperature control, building automation and industrial facilities [2, 3]. It can be integrated with sensors which can send small packets of data wirelessly to coordinator in the zigbee mesh network for smart and intellectual applications [4-6]. In the present work shortest routing algorithm is used for zigbee. For finding shortest distance, starting as well as destination node distance is considered so as to have more directional and shortest route between the starting and destination node. The same is implemented and seen using MATLAB. The paper is arranged as: Section I is the introduction, Section II gives a brief overview of the IEEE 802.15.4, Section III discusses about zigbee protocol stack. Section IV gives the routing algorithm. Section V gives results and discussion. Conclusion is made in Section VI and following it references are in Section VII. II. ABOUT IEEE 802.15.4 802.15.4 defines the physical and MAC layers. The feature of Physical layer is Energy Detection, channel selection, link quality detection and transmitting and receiving of data packets across the physical medium. Physical layer operates in two layers depending on the frequency range. Lower frequency layer works on 868MHz in Europe and 915 MHz in US and Australia. The upper frequency layer works on 2.4 GHz which is used worldwide. Different modulation scheme and channel allocation is done based on frequency band used. Medium Access Control (MAC) layer provides reliable communication between routers and end device. The layers are as shown in figure 1. Fig. 1 Zigbee Protocol Stack III. ABOUT ZIGBEE PROTOCOL STACK This defines the upper layers and consists of Network and Application Layer. In network layer, routing algorithm is defined. Research is being carried out on various routing Application Layer Network and Security layer MAC Layer Physical Layer Zigbee Alliance IEEE 802.15.4 International Conference On Recent Advances in Electronics and Computer Engineering, 17th-18th Nov., 2011, Eternal University, H.P., INDIA 1