The International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 1, Number 4, 477–506 (2001)
Static Response of Reinforced Soil
Retaining Walls with Nonuniform
Reinforcement
K. Hatami, R.J. Bathurst, and P. Di Pietro
Received April 13, 2001
GeoEngineering Centre at Queen’s-RMC, Department of Civil Engineering,
Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
GeoEngineering Centre at Queen’s-RMC, Department of Civil Engineering,
Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Maccaferri Gabions, Inc., Williamsport, Maryland, USA
ABSTRACT. The structural response of reinforced-soil wall systems with more than one reinforcement
type (nonuniform reinforcement) is investigated using a numerical approach. The selected reinforcement
types and mechanical properties represent actual polyester geogrid and woven wire mesh products. The
model walls are mainly of wrapped-face type and have different reinforcement lengths, arrangements, and
stiffness values. Additional wall models with tiered and vertical gabion facings are included for comparison
purposes. The numerical simulation of wall models has been carried out using a finite difference-based
program and includes sequential construction of the wall and placement of reinforcement at uniform
vertical spacing followed by a sloped surcharge. The wall lateral displacements and backcalculated
lateral earth pressure coefficient behind the facing in all nonuniform reinforcement wall models show a
clear dependence on relative stiffness values of reinforcement layers at different elevations. An equation is
proposed that can be used to predict the maximum reinforcement load in nonuniform reinforced wrapped-
face walls of given backfill types and reinforcement configurations similar to those investigated in this
study.
I. Introduction
Reinforced soil retaining walls offer economic advantages over conventional retaining wall
systems. The cost advantage of reinforced soil walls over conventional forms of retaining wall
Key Words and Phrases. Numerical modeling, retaining walls, reinforced soil, geosynthetics, nonuniform rein-
forcement.
Acknowledgements and Notes. The funding for this project was provided by research grants from the Natural
Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Maccaferri Gabions, Inc.
K. Hatami, corresponding author.
© 2003 ASCE DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2001)1:4(477)
ISSN 1532-3641