GARY OSTERTAG
A SCOREKEEPING ERROR
(Received in final form 14 May 1997)
In its naive formulation, Russell’s Theory of Descriptions claims
that a sentence exemplifying the F is G is true just in case exactly
one thing is F, and all Fs are Gs. Yet, as is well known,this formu-
lation fails to account for many of our truth-conditional intuitions
concerning sentences exemplifying the relevant surface grammar.
The current paper proposes an implementation of Russell’s theory
within a framework that accommodates these intuitions. The general
framework adopted is one according to which quantifiers, including
definite descriptions, are to be interpreted relative to a contextually-
determined domain of individuals. I am thus assuming a claim that
some may find controversial – namely, that descriptions, according
to Russell’s theory, are quantifiers. While I cannot do that issue
justice here, I think the assumption is correct. However, those who
part company with me with respect to my fidelity to Russell may
nonetheless find something of interest in what follows, since the
problem I will be discussing, as well as the solution proposed,
is applicable to a ubiquitous linguistic phenomenon – incom-
plete quantification. Gaining an understanding of this phenomenon
will help to illuminate the relation between the uses we make of
sentences and the meanings these uses carry.
Before discussing the approach I favor, however, I will describe
an alternative approach and indicate why we should avoid it.
In section 1 this approach is developed and criticized. Section
2 provides increasingly refined characterizations of the general
approach I endorse; these are developed in response to a counter-
example due to David Lewis. I show that the final formulation
is immune to Lewis’s counterexample. Finally, I present possible
objections that this account faces, and indicates some lines of
response.
1
Philosophical Studies 96: 123–146, 1999.
© 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.