The Science of the Total Environment 302 (2003) 227–236 0048-9697/03/$ - see front matter  2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S0048-9697 Ž 02 . 00397-2 Emissions and environmental implications of mercury from artisanal gold mining in north Sulawesi, Indonesia Daniel Limbong , Jeims Kumampung , Joice Rimper , Takaomi Arai *, a a a b, Nobuyuki Miyazaki b Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia a Otsuchi Marine Research Center, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Akahama, Otsuchi, Iwate 028-1102, Japan b Received 1 June 2002; accepted 11 September 2002 Abstract In artisanal gold mining practiced in North Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, gold is separated from ore by the use of mercury, which forms an amalgam with gold. All related processes are undertaken with a low level of technical knowledge and skills, no regulation, and with disregard for the safety of human and environment health. The situation is generating serious potential health and environmental risks in the area. As part of an ongoing monitoring program, total mercury concentrations were examined in water, bottom sediment and fish samples from three main rivers in Talawaan Watershed, which receives drainage from gold mining practices. Monitoring began in May–June 2000, almost 2 years after artisanal gold mining had begun. At that time, the mercury concentration in the sediment was generally low, except in places close to the gold processing plants. In the present study, a more systematic sampling and analysis was conducted in May–June 2001. Bottom surface sediments, water, and fish samples were collected at 12 sites along the three main rivers in the watershed. In addition, one site outside the watershed was sampled to serve as a control. Sample collections were conducted in three phases in duplicate, with two-week intervals between each phase. The mercury concentration observed in this study indicated that an increase took place along the three main rivers in the watershed. Solutions to this problem must be formulated as soon as possible in order to avoid a major health, economic, and ecological disaster arising from the continuing discharge of Hg. The present study proposes that mercury dispersion occur downstream of the mining.  2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Mercury; Bioaccumulation; Food chain; Artisanal Gold mining; Indonesia 1. Introduction Artisanal gold mining is an activity that relies mainly on manual labor and makes use of simple methods. It offers poor people an important means of livelihood and has served as a safety net in *Corresponding author. Tel.: q81-193-42-5611; fax: q81- 193-42-3715. E-mail address: arai@wakame.ori.u-tokyo.ac.jp (T. Arai). times of economic distress, especially during the extended economic crisis of Indonesia of the last five years. Approximately 10 000 workers are actively involved in artisanal mining and process- ing of gold deposits in the North Sulawesi Prov- ince of Indonesia. This relatively large number indicates the great importance of artisanal gold mining as an employment opportunity in this rural area.